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emma, ella and sophie's study :) > psychology AOS#1 > Flashcards

psychology AOS#1 Flashcards

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1
Q

psychology

A

scientific study of human mental states and behaviour (observable actions)

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2
Q

father of modern psychology

A

wilhelm wundt

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3
Q

brain vs heart debate

A

is the brain or heart responsible for central functions?

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4
Q

central functions

A

thoughts, feelings, emotions

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5
Q

mind body problem

A

are the mind and body seperate entities (dualism) or the same thing (monoism)

dualism: mind and body are seperate because of how seperate their nature is eg. the things they do and the substances they are
monoism: mind and body are the same substance –> mental states ARE physical states

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6
Q

phrenology

A

feeling the bumps and grooves of the skull to determine intelligence, personality etc.
localisation of function originated from phrenology

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7
Q

autopsy

A

examination of the brain after death. helpful in initial studies of the brain

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8
Q

ablation

A

surgical removal of brain tissue
showed how brain worked when damaged and which area was responsible for what.

discovered mind was in brain not in heart

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9
Q

electrical brain stimulation

A

electrically stimulates parts of the brain to stimulate neuron activity. discovered that right hand was controlled by left brain

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10
Q

split brain studies

A

confirmed left and right hemispheres have different functions
conducted by rodger sperry and michael gazzaniga in 1960

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11
Q

neuroimaging techiques

A

a range of techniques used to capture images of the brain structure and functioning
- much less invasive than previous methods

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12
Q

CT scan

A

computerised tomography: structural

the patient ingests dye called contrast and then continuous 2D x-ray images are taken and processed to create a 3D image.

advantages: enables disease and cancer detection and does not need to be used as frequently as other methods
disadvantages: black and white only, can be dangerous if used excessively.

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13
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging: structural

uses magnetic and radio fields to take 2D and 3D images of a person’s brain

the magnetic field causes atoms to move and send signals which can be captured as an image

advantages: less harmful than CT and more detailed than a CT scan
disadvantages: cannot be used with pacemakers or internal screws.

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14
Q

fMRI

A

functional magnetic resonance imaging

traces oxygen levels in the brain –> the more active a part is, the more oxygenated it will be

advantages: more detailed than a PET scan, and is the safest, most detailed option we have at the moment

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14
Q

PET

A

positron emission technology

person is injected with radioactive glucose solution which ‘lights up’ active parts of the brain. patients are then asked to perform certain activities in a chamber.

advantages: very useful for tracking brain activity
disadvantages: uses radioactive substances so it can be invasive

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15
Q

structural neuroimaging techniques

A

produces images of brains structure and composition

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16
Q

functional neuroimaging techniques

A

shows how the brain functions to perform specific tasks. can show both brain structure and brain activity.

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17
Q

nervous system

A

network of cells allowing for communicaton around the body

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18
Q

main functions of the nervous system

A

to recieve information
to transmit information
to process information
to formulate and coordinate a response

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19
Q

central nervous system

A

made up of the brain and spinal cord. coordinates information from the PNS and creates a necessary response

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20
Q

brain

A

coordinates thought, behaviour, and nervous system

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21
Q

spinal chord

A

connects the brain to PNS. carries motor information from the brain and sensory information from the body.

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22
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

all nerves outside of the CNS

carries information to and from the CNS

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23
Q

the somatic nervous system

A

sends motor information from CNS to skeletal muscles, and brings sensory information from the body to the CNS.

Formulates voluntary responses.

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24
example of the somatic nervous system
it is raining 1. body registers rain from the external environment 2. SNS sends sensory information to the CNS 3. CNS processes this information and coordinates a response 4. CNS sends motor messages to skeletal muscles telling them to open up the umbrella
25
the autonomic nervous system
connects CNS to non-skeletal muscles, organs, and glands. —> initiates responses and sends information to the CNS about these. - -> Mostly involuntary although control can be gained eg slowed breathing
26
the sympathetic nervous system
responsible for activating the body's visceral muscles organs and glands, during increased activity or threat. --> could involve increasing or decreasing regular activity responsible for the flight/fight response
27
what chemical is responsible for flight/fight response
adrenaline aka. epinephrine is released when under threat etc.
28
the parasympathetic nervous system
branch of the ANS that returns and maintains visceral muscles, organs, and glands to optimal and balanced functioning maintains homeostasis gently brings body back to normal after heightened arousal of a sympathetic response --> like a parachute
29
what would the nervous system do if it heard the phone ring unexpectedly?
1. receive information: vibrating air molecules are received by sense receptors 2. transmit information: information is sent to the brain via the auditory nerve 3. process information: brain processes auditory information as your phone ringing 4. coordinate a response: brain sends messages along nerve pathways to activate muscles to pick up the phone and answer it.
30
neurons
nerve cell responsible for transmitting, receiving, and processing information around the brain and nervous systems. information is sent through neural messages.
31
electrochemical messages
chemicals that contain neural messages are sent between neurons, which is powered by an electrical current generated within a neuron.
32
neurotransmission
electric current (action potential) arrives to the end of the neuron, and chemicals are released
33
neural reception
chemical message is recieved by neuron
34
neural pathways
neurons are organised into pathways which are the basis for all we think, feel, and do when we learn something, new pathways are formed or old ones strengthened
35
motor neuron
efferent neuron messages are sent from CNS to muscles, organs, and glands. communicates information about movement
36
sensory neuron
afferent neurons communicates information about sensations information is sent from sense organs to CNS ---> sense organs have sensory receptors that convert sensory information into neural messages.
37
interneurons
relates neural messages between motor and sensory neurons. only found in the CNS
38
the synapse
area in which neurotransmission occurs between neurons contains 1. presynaptic neuron: a neuron that releases messages into the synapse 2. synaptic gap: space between neurons where message is transmitted 3. post synaptic neuron: neuron that receives the message from the synapse
39
dendrites
bushy branches that receive neurotransmitters during neural communication
40
soma
where message is processed and electrical energy is generated
41
axon
transmits electrical neural messages toward axon terminals
42
myelin sheath
insulates the axon, protecting messages and speeding up electrical impulse
43
axon terminal
responsible for the release of neurotransmitters electric messages reach 'synaptic buttons', where neurotransmitters are contained and then released
44
glial cells
protects and supports neurons and their functioning
45
functions of glial cells
``` holds neurons in place provide neurons with nutrients repair and remove damaged neurons keeps each neuron separate produces myelin which can be absorbed by neurons aids in neurotransmission ```
46
hind brain
includes medulla, pons, cerebellum - -> autonomic breathing - -> basic movement - -> some fundamental functions
47
midbrain
the center part of the brain stem - -> process sensory information - --> regulates sleep and physiological arousal - --> involved in motor movement
48
reticular formation
cluster of neurons that connects to parts of the brain and spinal cord. - --> located in midbrain - --> filters information from the brain - sends info to correct parts of brain - --> regulates sleep-wake and consciousness - --> regulates physiological arousal and alertness
49
forebrain
made of thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebrum - --> cognition - --> perception - --> learning - --> memory
50
thalamus
Information from all of the senses, (excluding smell), pass through the thalamus the thalamus filters the most important information and directs it to other parts of the brain
51
cerebral cortex
thin outer layer of the cerebrum - -> processes complex sensory information - -> voluntary movement initiation - -> language - -> emotional regulation
52
contralateral functions
left controls the right, the right controls the left side
53
localisation of functions
different brain areas responsible for different behaviours and mental processes
54
left hemisphere
verbal and analytical functions - -> reading - -> writing - -> speaking - -> step-by-step analysis
55
right hemisphere
non verbal functions - -> visual awareness for places, faces, and objects - -> spatial awareness eg. solving a jigsaw, visualising shapes - -> most dominant when appreciating art
56
frontal lobe
high order mental processes, emotions, voluntary movement - ->logic - -> reasoning - -> personality - -> speech
57
prefrontal cortex
part of the frontal lobe higher-order cognitive processes --> reasoning, decision making, symbolic thinking
58
premotor cortex
plans required sequences for motor movements | --> kicking a ball: planning to see where ball goes
59
primary motor cortex
initiates voluntary movements | --> sends motor messages to skeletal muscles - contralateral
60
broca's area
production of speech | --> coordinates mouth, tongue, muscle movement etc.
61
broca's aphrasia
broken speech - -> cannot properly express words but knows what they are - -> poor or absent grammar - -> omission of certain words - -> "cup, me" instead of "i want the cup"
62
parietal lobe
receiving and processing sensory information and spatial awareness. --> touch, temperature, pain
63
primary somatosensory cortex
receiving and processing sensory information. important for spatial awareness.
64
spatial neglect syndrome
caused usually by a stroke in the right parietal lobe - -> leads to left visual field neglect - -> left side is essentially non-existent
65
occipital lobe
visual stimuli
66
primary visual cortex
receives sensory information from sensory receptors in the eyes.
67
temporal lobe
auditory perception | --> involved in memory, visual perception, and emotions
68
primary auditory cortex
perception of sounds | --> different areas are for different sounds
69
Wernicke's area
comprehension of speech | --> interprets sound to give it meaning
70
Wernickes aphasia
word salad - -> saying many words that don't make sense - -> unable to understand the meaning of words - -> able to speak well in long sentences but they don't make sense - -> use of the wrong words or nonsense words - -> inability to understand written words.
71
plasticity
the ability of the brain to change physically in response to experience and learning
72
developmental plasticity
changes due to maturity and ageing - -> occurs from foetus to 25 years old - -> changes due to learning and memories
73
developmental plasticity during infancy
``` neural connections (synapses) increase --> synaptogenesis ```
74
developmental plasticity during adolesense
neural connections are refined and reduced
75
myelinatoin
formation of myelin around axons | --> occurs from infancy into early adulthood
76
synaptic pruning
elimination of underused synapses - synapses that aren't used or activated - -> makes way for essential connections - -> a child's neural density is almost 2x the amount of adults.
77
frontal lobe development in infancy
the last area of the brain to mature - -> synaptic density increases from infancy until 10 years old - -> size of the frontal lobe develops - -> some myelination occurs
78
frontal lobe development in adolescence
last area of the brain to develop - -> synaptic pruning and myelination - -> emotional maturity and rationality develops
79
adaptive plasticity
brain adapting to compensate for trauma and injury - -> compensates for lost functionality - -> restores and enhances neural functioning over time
80
components of developmental plasticity
- -> proliferation: neurons form in infancy - -> migration: neurons move from where they are formed to where they will stay - -> synaptogenesis: axons grow and form connections to other neurons - -> synaptic pruning: underused synapses are cut off and pruned - -> myelination: insulation of neurons
81
impact of injury on biological functioning
largely related to movement - -> loss of movement in different areas of the body - -> eg. paralysis: the brain is unable to send adequate messages to the muscles
82
impacts of injury on psychological functioning
memory impairments - -> can disrupt links and connections - -> may have difficulty making sense of information - -> difficulty with decision making, planning, mood, emotional regulation
83
impacts of injury on social functioning
impact on personality - -> can affect relationships with friends or family - -> could result in social withdrawl
84
sprouting
development of new branches on dendrites and axon terminals
85
rerouting
form new connection with another undamaged neuron
86
neurological disorder
disease characterised by any damage or malfunctioning of the nervous system --> changes that impair neural functioning
87
neurodegenerative disorder
a progressive loss of neurons in the brain | --> negative change to neural functioning
88
parkinsons disease
a neurodegenerative disease of the nervous system involving motor and non-motor symptoms - -> caused by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra (located in the mid brain) - -> dopamine is responsible for the coordination of smooth voluntary movements
89
symptoms of parkinsons disease
symptoms are degenerative - -> trembling in hands arms legs etc. - -> stiffness of the limbs - -> slowness of movement - -> impaired balance and coordination, sometimes leading to falls
90
animal studies - levodopa
Parkinson's medication converted to dopamine by neurons - -> conducted by Carlsson (1957) on rabbits with medically induced low levels of dopamine - -> levodopa helps to restore motor functions of rabbits
91
animal studies - deep brain stimulation
an electrical current stimulates a particular region of the brain to increase neural functioning --> very invasive - -> electrodes are planted into substantia nigra - -> electrodes create electrical impulse - -> can cause other issues eg. stroke, depression, anxiety tested on the brains of dogs
92
functional neural imaging techniques and Parkinsons disease
functional techniques - -> examines levels of activity in the Basal Ganglia - -> low levels of activity due to decreased dopamine - -> very important in early detection
93
structual neural imaging techniques and Parkinsons disease
degeneration of dopamine neurons causes brain mass to decrease in basal galinga (where substantia nigra is) --> used to make an informed judgement of Parkinson's

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