Psychology as a science

Question 1

Roger Bacon used what 3 scientific methods in medieval christianity?

Answer 1

Experimental testing
Peer review/citation
Naturalistic philosophy(empiricism)

Question 2

Bacon established what 4 scientific processes across medieval europe?

Answer 2

Observations
Hypothesis
Experimentation
Verification

Question 3

Bacon distinguished between what 3 ways of acquiring knowledge?

Answer 3

Authority
Reason
Experience

Question 4

Occam’s razor posits that the best theory is the one with the least__________________

Answer 4

assumptions - parsimony

Question 5

Isaac newton used methods of ________________ and __________ reasoning

Answer 5

empirical data collection followed by inductive reasoning

Question 6

Inductive reasoning involves making ___________ to form __________________, and deductive reasoning involves using ____________ to make ____________

Answer 6

Inductive = from generalization to theory
Deductive = from theory to prediction

Question 7

Positivism makes science equal to
A God B Soil B Dirt D Time

Answer 7

A God

Question 8

Charles Sanders Peirce defines abduction as ____________________

Answer 8

inference to the best explanation

Question 9

Popper’s idea of falsification refers to the idea that a theory is scientific if it _________________________________

Answer 9

allows itself to be falsified

Question 10

To falsify the theory that all swans are white, would you have to
A Check that some swans are white and conclude B Check that all swans are white then conclude C Check swans until you find a black swan D Both processes of A nd C

Answer 10

C find a black swan

Question 11

Theory laden-ness refers to the idea that data collection and observation are too ___________ with the theory.

Answer 11

Intertwined

Question 12

Kuhn argues that a paradigm shift occurs when _____________________________

Answer 12

multiple anomalies of a theory arise leading to a crisis

Question 13

Lakatos divided knowledge claims into ____________ and __________,and also distinguished between ________ and __________of theories.

Answer 13

hardcore basic assumptions and auxiliary hypothesis
Refutation vs rejection

Question 14

Lakatos argued that scientific theories can either be ___________ or ____________

Answer 14

progressive or degenerating

Question 15

Lakatos stated that progressive theories must be ___________ progressive and ___________ progressive. A theory that is neither should be __________

Answer 15

Theoretically and empirically
Abandoned

Question 16

What were merton’s four values of a science?

Answer 16

Universalism
Communalism (knowledge access is communal)
Disinterestedness(in personal gain)
Organised skepticism

Question 17

Modern psychology hypothesis testing follows a Popperian method, such as _____________

Answer 17

falsifying the null hypothesis

Question 18

Evidence for a Kuhnian approach to psychology can be shown in paradigm shifts from ___________ to _____________

Answer 18

behaviourism to cognitivism

Question 19

What are the three main alternative epistemologies suggesting that psychology is not a science?

Answer 19

Constructivism
Interpretivism
Feminism

Question 20

Bem’s study in 2011 suggested what?

Answer 20

participants could anticipate the future

Question 21

Bem’s 2011 results were met with
A Support B Criticism C Failed replications D Both b and C

Answer 21

D both b and c

Question 22

What are Chamber’s seven deadly sins of psychology?

Answer 22

bias
internment
unreliability
corruptibility
data hoarding
bean counting
hidden flexibility

Question 23

What are the 4 new types of psychology failures?

Answer 23

bias
error
spin
treachery

Question 24

What are the 4 main types of bias posing a threat to psychological studies?

Answer 24

confirmation bias
hindsight bias (harking)
publication bias
novelty bias

Question 25

An error in psychology is a ______________________

Answer 25

mistake leading to incorrect findings

Question 26

Spin refers to ________________

Answer 26

reframing the issue or data to support your hypothesis

Question 27

Treachery refers to the ______________________

Answer 27

deliberate fabrication of data

Question 28

In 2017 Dr Bik investigated fabricated images and found that ____% were in some way fraudulent

Answer 28

4%

Question 29

What are three P's in reasons to commit academic fraud?

Answer 29

pressure to publish peer review prestige

Question 30

Statistical reform in psychological results involves what 4 things?

Answer 30

Confidence intervals Bayesian statistic reducing alpha value p-rep

Question 31

Pre-registration means that authors must ___________________

Answer 31

publish data collection and analysis in advance

Question 32

Meta analysis can uncover potential ____________ and _____________-

Answer 32

p-hacking and publication bias

Question 33

Research funding mostly comes from what 3 sources?

Answer 33

Universities charity taxpayers money

Question 34

What are the 3 badges of open science?

Answer 34

open data open materials prereigistration

Question 35

Reproducibility refers to if different researchers get the same results given the same ___________, whereas replicability refers to if different researchers get the same answer given ____________

Answer 35

Reproducibility = same results from same data replication = same answer from same questions

Question 36

Which of these is not a solution to crises in psychology? A commentary B retraction C systematic review D posting only novel data

Answer 36

D