Psychology as a Science beta

Question 1

What is psychology?

Answer 1

Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Question 2

What are the two major components of psychology?

Answer 2

Observable behavior and internal mental processes such as thoughts, feelings, and motivations.

Question 3

What are the four main goals of psychology?

Answer 3

To describe, explain, predict, and control behavior and mental processes.

Question 4

Who is considered the father of psychology?

Answer 4

Wilhelm Wundt.

Question 5

What was Wilhelm Wundt’s major contribution to psychology?

Answer 5

He established the first psychology laboratory and introduced structuralism through introspection.

Question 6

What is structuralism?

Answer 6

An early school of psychology focused on breaking down mental processes into basic components.

Question 7

Who expanded on Wundt’s ideas to develop structuralism in the U.S.?

Answer 7

Edward Titchener.

Question 8

What is introspection?

Answer 8

A method of self-observation where individuals report their conscious experiences.

Question 9

What is functionalism?

Answer 9

A school of psychology that focuses on how mental and behavioral processes function and enable adaptation.

Question 10

Who is associated with functionalism?

Answer 10

William James.

Question 11

What is Gestalt psychology?

Answer 11

A psychological approach that emphasizes that the whole of anything is greater than its parts.

Question 12

What is psychoanalysis?

Answer 12

A theory developed by Sigmund Freud emphasizing the role of unconscious processes and childhood experiences.

Question 13

What is behaviorism?

Answer 13

A theory that psychology should only study observable behavior, not mental processes.

Question 14

Who are key figures in behaviorism?

Answer 14

John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner.

Question 15

What is the humanistic approach to psychology?

Answer 15

A perspective that emphasizes personal growth, free will, and human potential.

Question 16

Who are the main figures in humanistic psychology?

Answer 16

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.

Question 17

What is cognitive psychology?

Answer 17

The study of mental functions such as perception, memory, reasoning, and problem-solving.

Question 18

What is the biological perspective in psychology?

Answer 18

An approach that examines how brain processes, genetics, and hormones influence behavior.

Question 19

What is the sociocultural perspective?

Answer 19

It examines how social and cultural environments influence behavior and mental processes.

Question 20

What is the evolutionary perspective?

Answer 20

A view that behaviors and mental abilities have evolved over time to aid survival and reproduction.

Question 21

What is the scientific method in psychology?

Answer 21

A systematic process of observing, forming a hypothesis, testing, analyzing, and drawing conclusions.

Question 22

What are the key steps in the scientific method?

Answer 22

Observation, hypothesis formation, experiment, data analysis, and conclusion.

Question 23

What is a hypothesis?

Answer 23

A testable prediction derived from a theory.

Question 24

What is descriptive research?

Answer 24

Research that involves observing and recording behavior without manipulation.

Question 25

What is correlational research?

Answer 25

A method to examine relationships between variables without inferring causation.

Question 26

What is experimental research?

Answer 26

A method involving the manipulation of variables to determine cause and effect.

Question 27

What is an independent variable?

Answer 27

The variable that is manipulated in an experiment.

Question 28

What is a dependent variable?

Answer 28

The variable that is measured to see how it is affected by the independent variable.

Question 29

What is random assignment?

Answer 29

Randomly placing participants into experimental or control groups to reduce bias.

Question 30

What is a placebo?

Answer 30

An inactive substance or treatment used to test the effects of expectations.

Question 31

What is the placebo effect?

Answer 31

Improvement in symptoms due to belief in the treatment rather than the treatment itself.

Question 32

What are ethics in psychological research?

Answer 32

Moral principles such as informed consent, confidentiality, and protection from harm.

Question 33

What is informed consent?

Answer 33

A process where participants are fully informed about the research and agree to participate.

Question 34

What is confidentiality in research?

Answer 34

Ensuring that participants’ information is kept private and secure.

Question 35

What is the right to withdraw?

Answer 35

Participants’ right to leave the study at any time without penalty.

Question 36

What does the IRB do?

Answer 36

Institutional Review Board ensures ethical standards are met in psychological research.

Question 37

What is clinical psychology?

Answer 37

The study and treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders.

Question 38

What is counseling psychology?

Answer 38

A field that helps individuals cope with everyday personal and interpersonal issues.

Question 39

What is developmental psychology?

Answer 39

The study of how people change over time physically, mentally, and socially.

Question 40

What is educational psychology?

Answer 40

The study of how people learn and the best practices to teach them.

Question 41

What is forensic psychology?

Answer 41

Applying psychological principles to legal issues and the criminal justice system.

Question 42

What is industrial-organizational (I-O) psychology?

Answer 42

The application of psychological principles to workplace environments.

Question 43

What is health psychology?

Answer 43

The study of how biological, psychological, and social factors affect health and illness.

Question 44

What is neuropsychology?

Answer 44

The study of how brain injuries and diseases affect cognitive functions and behavior.

Question 45

What is social psychology?

Answer 45

The study of how individuals are influenced by others and society.

Question 46

What is the difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist?

Answer 46

Psychiatrists are medical doctors who can prescribe medication; psychologists typically cannot.

Question 47

What is a case study?

Answer 47

A detailed examination of a single individual or group.

Question 48

What is naturalistic observation?

Answer 48

Observing subjects in their natural environment without interference.

Question 49

What is a survey?

Answer 49

A method for collecting data from a large group through questionnaires or interviews.

Question 50

What is longitudinal research?

Answer 50

A study that follows the same group of people over an extended period.