Psychology Basic Flashcards Preview

PYC1501 > Psychology Basic > Flashcards

Flashcards in Psychology Basic Deck (52)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

Jane goes to the gym and she receives a discount when she works out regularly and eats healthily. This is an example of

a) Discovery learning
b) Operant conditioning
c) Perceptual-motor learning
d) Classical conditional learning

A

b) Operant conditioning

2
Q

Milly does not allow her youngest son Joe to wear his favorite cap when he is rude towards his siblings. Withholding Joe from wearing his favorite cap serves as

a) Partial reinforcement
b) Negative reinforcement
c) Positive reinforcement
d) Punishment

A

d) Punishment

3
Q

In Classical conditioning, the term spontaneous recovery refers to the ?

A

reappearance of a response which seems to have been extinguished.

4
Q

Which of the following occurs when making a response removes an unpleasant event?

A

Negative reinforcement

5
Q

According to Pavlov, many animal behaviours are learned by associating stimuli. In Pavlov’s experiment with dogs, when dogs salivated at the sound of the bell, the dogs salivating was a ?

A

Conditioned response

6
Q

Sven watched his father fix cars for years and now fixes them like his father did. Which aspect of observational learning is evident in Sven?

A

Reproduction

7
Q

During a matric exam, the invigilator confiscated Christopher’s script because he was found cheating. In the next exam, Christopher prepared thoroughly and never cheated again. What kind of learning has occured in this case?

a) Operant social learning
b) Cognitive learning
c) Latent learning
d) Imitative learing

A

a) Operant social learning

8
Q

Mrs Dunne finds it difficult to accept her daughter’s intelligence test results. She thinks that she is very intelligent because she is a very creative child. Mrs Dunne’s reasoning is ?

A

Incorrect, because many creative people do no do well on IQ tests. They are divergent thinkers.

9
Q

Michael has the ability to use past experiences to solve problems in order to acquire new knowledge. This is an example of ? intelligence?

A

Experiential

10
Q

Observational learning means that we learn ?

A

by watching and imitating the behaviours of others and observing the consequences of those behaviors.

11
Q

The cognitive processing approach consists of three underlying components of intelligence. These are

A

information processes, planning processes & attentional processes.

12
Q

Which memory system manages the ‘how to’ knowledge that enables an individual to carry out actions such as swimming?

A

Procedural memory

13
Q

In which part of the memory is general knowledge, events and personal experiences encoded?

A

Long term memory

14
Q

Monty asks you to give him your experience of you new garden and while talking to him you imagine the beautiful roses and your reaction when you see your beautiful patio. Which parts of memory are you using to process the information?

A

Visual sketchpad

15
Q

During your 21st speeches your mum shares how she can remember you as a little girl and the events that you decided to be a chef. Which memory system is she using to remember these events?

A

Episodic memory

16
Q

When you can’t remember something for a brief moment but know if you have extra time it will come back to you, what does this indicate a problem with?

A

Retrieval

17
Q

What term refers to an internal state that activates and gives directions to our thoughts, behaviour and feelings?

A

Motivation

18
Q

Lara was in a meeting where the CEO of the company tripped and fell. The majority of her colleagues thought that it was funny but did not laugh. This is an example of?

A

Display rules

19
Q

You receive feedback from your boss that you are doing really well meeting your KPI’s. You start to feel more confident and visualize adding more value to your new team. What emotion are you experiencing?

a) Negative emotion
b) Primary emotion
c) Secondary emotion
d) Positive emotion

A

Positive emotion

20
Q

The term character refers to

A

aspects of personality involving a person’s value’s and his/her ability to behave according to those value’s.

21
Q

If you describe your son as ‘optimistic, reserved and friendly’, which personality approach are you using?

A

Trait approach

22
Q

Which personality approach holds the belief that rewards and punishments shape personality development

A

Behaviourist

23
Q

What does Social Cognitive Theory focus on ?

A

Behavioural, environmental (extrinsic) and personal (intrinsic) factors.

24
Q

CBT focuses on the individual’s perception of what three things?

A

The self, the environment and the future.

25
Q

Operant learning focuses on using either ______ or _______ to increase or decrease our behaviour.

A

reinforcement OR punishment

26
Q

Discovery learning occurs when

A

an individual uses past experience and existing knowledge to discover facts and relationships.

27
Q

Bandura believed that what 4 cognitive elements or components are necessary for observational learning to take place?

A

Person has to pay attention, be motivated, be able to retain information and then be able to reproduce the observed behaviour.

28
Q

When the neuron is in a condition of readiness, the fluid inside the neuron is negative relative to the fluid outside, therefore the resting membrane potential means negative inside and positive outside the neuron.
TRUE or FALSE

A

TRUE,
When the neuron is in a condition of readiness, the fluid inside the neuron is negative relative to the fluid outside, therefore the resting membrane potential means negative inside and positive outside the neuron.

29
Q

Which of the following play an important role in creating and maintaining potential differences between the inside and outside of the neuron?

a) Soma
b) Cell membrane
c) Dendrites
d) Myelin Sheath

A

b) Cell membrane

30
Q

A person with the hardy personality type demonstrates

a) Chronic anger and hostility
b) Commitment, control and viewing life as a challenge
c) Traits of stubbornness and a drive to achieve
d) A high level of conscientiousness and low level of agreeableness.

A

b) Commitment, control and viewing life as a challenge

31
Q

The main structures of the hindbrain are the medulla oblangata, cerebellum and

A

pons

32
Q

The main structures of the forebrain are the thalamus, hypothalamus and

A

corpus callosum

33
Q

The midbrain is made up of which 2 structures?

a) Corpos callosum & tectum
b) Tectum & tegmentum
c) Cerebellum & tegmentum
d) None of the above

A

b) Tectum & tegmentum

34
Q

The limbic system is made up of several structures, namely.

a) Basal ganglia, amygdala, limbic cortex & septum.
b) Septum, limbic cortex, amygdala & hippocampus.
c) Hypothalamus, thalamus & limbic cortex.
d) None of the above

A

b) Septum, limbic cortex, amygdala & hippocampus.

35
Q

Which system within the forebrain evaluates experiences as positive (rewarding) or negative (disagreeable), links this with information with memory and helps the person adapt to similar situations that arise?

A

The limbic system.

36
Q

The ______ is regarded as the brain’s pleasure or reward centre.

a) Septum
b) Thalamus
c) Pons
d) Tectum

A

a) Septum

37
Q

Impulse conduction has a number of characteristics. Which of the following is INCORRECT about impulse conduction?

a) An impulse is conducted in one direction only
b) The impulse condition process happens simultaneously everywhere along the axon
c) When a neuron finishes conducting an impulse it enters a refractory period
d) In myelinated sheet, an impulse moves rapidly along the axon.

A

b) The impulse condition process happens simultaneously everywhere along the axon

38
Q

Which sensory system provides info about environment immediately outside the skin, relating to touch, pressure, heat, cold and pain?

A

The somaesthetic system provides info about environment immediately outside the skin, relating to touch, pressure, heat, cold and pain.

39
Q

What function does the chemical sensory system perform?

A

Experiences taste and smell. Receptors for taste are on the tongue. Smell (Olfactory sense) activation receptors in the nose by air. Olfactory nerve sends info directly to olfactory bulb at the base of the brain.

40
Q

Sound waves are interpreted in which lobe of the brain?

A

Temporal lobe.

Sound waves received by the auditory receptors in ear are encoded before being send along the auditory pathway to the brain. The messages are interpreted in the temporal lobe.

41
Q

What are the four characteristics of temperament?

A

General activity level, emotionality, sociability, impulsivity.

42
Q

How can temperament be defined?

A

As a persons’ relatively consistent and distinctive emotional character, moods and reaction style’. It focuses on the emotional aspects of a person’s biological and psychological self and may be referred to as the ‘raw material’ from which a personality is formed.

43
Q

Can the way temperament is manifested in behavior change?

A

Yes, behavior can be changed through learning and socialisation. For example, people who are very shy can be helped to overcome this to some extent. However, they will always be shy and not likely to become very outgoing because shyness is their basic disposition.

44
Q

What are traits?

A

Traits are stable qualities that mostly remain consistent in various and changing situations.

45
Q

What term would you give to people who have several traits in common?

a) Friends
b) Family
c) Type
d) Character

A

c) Type

It is a way of labelling a person who supposedly has several key traits in common with others. Eg, motherly type - has traits as being warm, caring, nurturing, protective and so on.

46
Q

Who proposed the theory that someone is either an introvert or an extrovert?

a) Gordon Allport
b) Raymond Cattell
c) Freud
d) Carl Jung

A

d) Carl Jung

47
Q

Which of the following describes Cattell’s trait theory of personality?

a) Source traits represent underlying personality characteristics.
b) The most important traits are motivational traits related to our values.
c) Personality is made up of cardinal, central and secondary traits.
d) The core of human nature can be described in terms of five basic personality factors.

A

a) Source traits represent underlying personality characteristics.

48
Q

Who believed the best way to understand and predict people’s behaviour was to find out what they value - that is the things they will strive to attain?
Important traits are motivational traits related to values?

A

Gordon Allport

49
Q

Define cardinal trait.

A

Cardinal traits are those that dominate that person’s life. Gordon Allport also believed not everyone has a cardinal trait. Example. Mahatma Gandhi.

50
Q

The desire for power is an example of what trait (according to Gordon Allport).

a) Cardinal trait
b) Central trait
c) Secondary trait

A

b) Central trait

Central traits are more common - these are important traits that influence and organise most of our behavior.

51
Q

In terms of psychoanalytic approach, personality is shaped by ?

A

The dynamic system directed by the id, ego and superego.

52
Q

The outer layer of the brain is called the

A

Neocortex