Psychology Ch. 6-11

Question 1

Reflexes

Answer 1

motor or neural reaction to a specific stimulus

Question 2

Instincts

Answer 2

innate behaviors that are triggered

Question 3

Operant conditioning

Answer 3

is learning based on rewards/consequences/punishments

Question 4

Classical conditioning

Answer 4

association

Question 5

Neutral Stimulus

Question 6

Conditioned Response

Question 7

Positive reinforcement

Answer 7

adding desirable stimulus to increase the likelihood of the behavior

Question 8

Negative reinforcement

Answer 8

removing the undesirable stimulus to increase likelihood of the behavior

Question 9

Positive punishment

Answer 9

adding undesirable stimulus to decrease the likelihood of the behavior

Question 10

Negative punishment

Answer 10

removing desirable stimulus to decrease the likelihood of the behavior

Question 11

Reinforcement schedules:
Fixed interval

Answer 11

predictable time intervals (every 10,20,30,40 minutes)

Question 12

Variable interval

Answer 12

unpredictable time intervals (After 6, 9, 15, 23, minutes)

Question 13

Fixed ratio

Answer 13

predictable number of responses Ex. (After 14 days) (14:1) like getting a paycheck for every 80 hours worked

Question 14

Variable ratio

Answer 14

unpredictable number of responses (After 2, 5, 8, 15) like in gambling

Question 15

Observational learning

Answer 15

learning by watching others and imitating what they do or say

Question 19

Natural Concepts

Answer 19

naturally made (through organic experiences)

Question 20

Artificial Concepts

Answer 20

created by a set of manmade characteristics (we know a triangle has 3 sides)-concept of a triangle

Question 21

Schema (Schemata)

Answer 21

A mental construct consisting a collection of related concepts

• method of organizing information
• “automatic” and are hard to change or modify

Question 22

Role Schema

Answer 22

make assumptions about how individuals in certain roles behave

• Associating someones profession to how you would create a Judgement on how this person is like

Question 23

Event Schema

Answer 23

known as a cognitive script

-Behaviors that are routine-like in presentation
- can vary across cultures and countries

Question 24

Encoding

Answer 24

input of information to the memory system

Question 25

Storage- what are the three stages of memory

Answer 25

1. Sensory memory 2. Short term memory 3.Long term memory

Question 26

Sensory memory

Answer 26

brief sensory events (sights, sounds, smell.)

Question 27

Short term memory

Answer 27

lasts about 15-30 seconds

Question 28

Long term memory

Answer 28

unlimited memory

Question 29

Long term memory: Episodic-

Answer 29

"you are part of the episode"- events personally experienced

Question 30

Long term memory: Semantic-

Answer 30

knowledge about words, concepts, language based knowledge

Question 31

Long term memory: Implicit memories-

Answer 31

"repressed" memories, triggers, learned outside of awareness

Question 32

Long term memory: Procedural memories-

Answer 32

studied using observable behaviors

Question 33

Retrieval

Answer 33

getting memory back to the conscious level

Question 34

Recall

Answer 34

identifying information without cues

Question 35

Recognition

Answer 35

identifying information that you already know

Question 36

Relearning

Answer 36

Learning information previously learned

Question 37

Engram

Answer 37

group of neurons - that serve as "physical representation of memory"

Question 38

Hippocampus- memory

Answer 38

episodic memories

Question 39

Amygdala

Answer 39

fear memories

Question 40

Cerebellum

Answer 40

procedural memories

Question 41

Prefrontal cortex

Answer 41

- process and retain information

Question 42

Amnesia

Answer 42

long term memory loss

Question 43

Anterogade Amnesia "50 first dates" movie

Answer 43

unable to form new and episodic memories, are able to form procedural memories

Question 44

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 44

loss of all memory for events that happened prior to trauma "newborn"

Question 45

Physical development

Answer 45

growth and change in the body

Question 46

cognitive development

Answer 46

learning, thinking

Question 47

Psychosocial development

Answer 47

social relationships

Question 48

developmental milestones

Answer 48

crawling 7-10 months walking 10-10 months potty trained 2-3 yrs old

Question 49

continuity

Answer 49

cumulative, gradually improving process

Question 50

discontinuity

Answer 50

change is more sudden, occurs at specific times or ages

Question 51

object permanence

Answer 51

to know what an object exists even when the baby cannot see or hear it (7-8 months)

Question 52

temperament- "innate" - nature

Question 53

Nature

Answer 53

biology and genetics

Question 54

Nurture

Answer 54

our environment and culture

Question 55

Age 0-2

Answer 55

Sensorimotor - object permanence; stranger anxiety

Question 56

Age 2-6

Answer 56

Preoperational- Pretend play

Question 56

Age 7-11

Answer 56

Concrete operational; math

Question 57

Age 12

Answer 57

Formal Operational- Abstract and logic

Question 58

Prenatal care Germinal Stage (Weeks 1-2)

Answer 58

zygote- sperm and cell merger

Question 59

Embryonic stage (Weeks 3-8)

Answer 59

embryo, formation of head, chest and abdomen

Question 60

Fetal Stage (Weeks 9-40)

Answer 60

fetus, formation of lungs, heart, stomach, intestines and fingerprints visible

Question 61

Embryonic stage Key words

Answer 61

fetus, embryo, placenta

Question 62

Grasping reflex

Answer 62

putting your finger in the newborn's palms, they will grasp

Question 63

Moro reflex

Answer 63

response to sensation of falling

Question 64

Rooting reflex

Question 65

Sucking reflex

Question 66

gross motor skills

Answer 66

large muscle groups

Question 67

fine motor skills

Question 70

Satiation

Answer 70

fullness and satisfaction, opposite of hunger

Question 71

Hunger

Answer 71

Blood glucose drop- pancreas and liver- chemical signals- induce hunger

Question 72

Leptin

Answer 72

satiety hormone

Question 73

Anorexia Nervosa

Answer 73

eating disorder characterized by the maintenance of body weight well below average through starvation and intense exercise distorted body image/body dysmorphia