Psychology: Chapter 1

Question 1

the scientific study of the mind, brain and behavior

Answer 1

Psychology

Question 2

rungs on a ladder of analysis, with lower levels tied most closely to biological influences and higher levels tied most closely to social influences

Answer 2

Levels of Analysis

Question 3

caused by many factors

Answer 3

Multiply Determined

Question 4

variations among people in their thinking, emotion, personality, and behavior

Answer 4

Individual Differences

Question 5

belief that we see the world precisely as it is

Answer 5

Naive Realism

Question 6

explanation for a large number of findings in the natural world

Answer 6

Scientific Theory

Question 7

testable prediction derived from a scientific theory

Answer 7

Hypothesis

Question 8

tendency to seek out evidence that contradicts them

Answer 8

Confirmation Bias

Question 9

tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them

Answer 9

Belief Perseverance

Question 10

assertion about the world that is not testable

Answer 10

Metaphysical Claim

Question 11

set of claims that seems scientific but aren’t

Answer 11

Pseudoscience

Question 12

escape hatch or loophole that defenders of a theory use to protect their theory from falsification

Answer 12

Ad hoc Immunizing Hypothesis

Question 13

tendency to percieve meaningful connections among unrelated phenomena

Answer 13

Apophenia

Question 14

tendency to perceive meaningful images in meaningless visual stimuli

Answer 14

Pareidolia

Question 15

theory proposing that our awareness of our death leaves us with an underlying sense of terror which we cope by adopting reasuring cultural worldviews

Answer 15

Terror Management Theory

Question 16

approach of evaluating all claims with an open mind but insisting on persuasive evidence before accepting them

Answer 16

Scientific Skepticism

Question 17

set of skills for evaluating all claims in an open minded and careful fashion

Answer 17

Critical Thinking

Question 18

error of assuming that because one thing is associated with another, it must cause the other

Answer 18

Correlation - Causation Fallacy

Question 19

anything that can vary

Answer 19

Variable

Question 20

capable of being disproved

Answer 20

Falsifiable

Question 21

when a study’s finding are able to be duplicated, ideally by independent investigators

Answer 21

Replicability

Question 22

method by which trained observers carefully reflect and report on their mental experiences

Answer 22

Introspection

Question 23

school of spychology that aimed to indetify the basic elements of psychological experience

Answer 23

Structuralism

Question 24

school of psychology that aimed to understand the adaptive purposes of psychological characteristics

Answer 24

Functionalism

Question 25

principle that organisms that possess adaptations sruvive and reproduce at a higher rate than other organisms

Answer 25

Natural Selection

Question 26

shcool of psychology that focuses on uncovering the general laws of learning by looking at observable behavior

Answer 26

Behaviorism

Question 27

school of psychology that proposes that thinking is central to understanding behavior

Answer 27

Cognitive Psychology

Question 28

relatively new field of psychology that examines the relation between brain functioning and thinking

Answer 28

Cognitive Neuroscience

Question 29

school of psychology, founded by Sigmund Freud, that focuses on internal Psychological processes of which we're unaware

Answer 29

Psychoanalysis

Question 30

discipline that applies Darwin's thoery of natural selection to human and animal behavior

Answer 30

Evolutionary Psychology

Question 31

research examining how the mind works

Answer 31

Basic Research

Question 32

research examining how we can use basic research to solve real-world problems

Answer 32

Applied Research

Question 33

exicitatory; increases the chance neurons will communicate

Answer 33

Glutanate

Question 34

inhibitory; decreases liklihood of an action potential

Answer 34

GABA

Question 35

arousal, selective attention, sleep, and memory

Answer 35

Acetycholine

Question 36

influences arousal and response to stimuli

Answer 36

Norepinephrine / Seratonin

Question 37

plays a role in response to rewarding experiences

Answer 37

Dopamine