Psychology Chapter 13

Question 1

Social psychology

Answer 1

The study of the causes and consequences of sociality

Question 2

Aggression

Answer 2

Behaviour whose purpose is to harm another

Question 3

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

Answer 3

A principle stating that animals aggress when their goals are frustrated

Question 4

Cooperation

Answer 4

Behaviour by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit

Question 5

Group

Answer 5

A collection of people who have something in common that distinguishes them from others

Question 6

Prejudice

Answer 6

A positive or negative evaluation of another person based on their group membership

Question 7

Common knowledge effect

Answer 7

The tendency for group discussions to focus on information that all members share

Question 8

Group polarization

Answer 8

The tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than any member would have made alone

Question 9

Groupthink

Answer 9

The tendency for groups to reach consensus in order to facilitate interpersonal harmony

Question 10

Deindividuation

Answer 10

A phenomenon that occurs when immersion in a group causes people to become less aware of their individual values

Question 11

Diffusion of responsibility

Answer 11

The tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way

Question 12

Social loafing

Answer 12

The tendency for people to expend less effort when in a group than when alone

Question 13

Bystander intervention

Answer 13

The act of helping strangers in an emergency situation

Question 14

Altruism

Answer 14

Behaviour that benefits another without benefiting oneself

Question 15

Kin selection

Answer 15

The process by which evolution selects for individuals who cooperate with their relatives

Question 16

Reciprocal altruism

Answer 16

Behaviour that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future

Question 17

Mere exposure effect

Answer 17

The tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure

Question 18

Passionate love

Answer 18

An experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction

Question 19

Companionate love

Answer 19

An experience involving affection, trust, and concern for a partner’s well being

Question 20

Comparison level

Answer 20

The cost-benefit ratio that people believe they deserve or could attain in another relationship

Question 21

Equity

Answer 21

A state of affairs in which the cost - benefit ratios of two partners are roughly equal

Question 22

Social influence

Answer 22

The ability to change or direct another person’s behaviour

Question 23

Norms

Answer 23

Customary standards for behaviour that are widely shared by members of a culture

Question 24

Norm of reciprocity

Answer 24

The unwritten rule that people should benefit those who have benefitted them

Question 25

Normative influence

Answer 25

A phenomenon that occurs when another person's behaviour provides information about what is appropriate

Question 26

Door-in-the-face technique

Answer 26

An influence strategy that involves getting someone to deny an initial request

Question 27

Conformity

Answer 27

The tendency to do what others do simply because others are doing it

Question 28

Obedience

Answer 28

The tendency to do what powerful people tell us to do

Question 29

Attitude

Answer 29

An enduring positive or negative evaluation of an object or event

Question 30

Belief

Answer 30

An enduring piece of knowledge about an object or event

Question 31

Informational influence

Answer 31

A phenomenon that occurs when another person's behaviour provides information about what is true

Question 32

Persuasion

Answer 32

A phenomenon that occurs when a person's attitudes or beliefs are influenced by a communication from another person

Question 33

Systematic persuasion

Answer 33

The process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to reason

Question 34

Heuristic persuasion

Answer 34

The process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to habit or emotion

Question 35

Foot-in-the-door technique

Answer 35

A technique that involves making a small request and following it with a larger request

Question 36

Cognitive dissonance

Answer 36

An unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes, or beliefs

Question 37

Social cognition

Answer 37

The process by which people come to understand others

Question 38

Stereotyping

Answer 38

The process by which people draw inferences about others based on their knowledge of the categories to which others belong

Question 39

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 39

The tendency for people to behave as they are expected to behave

Question 40

Stereotype threat

Answer 40

The fear of confirming the negative beliefs that others may hold

Question 41

Perceptual confirmation

Answer 41

The tendency for people to see what they expect to see

Question 42

Subtyping

Answer 42

The tendency for people who receive disconfirming evidence to modify their stereotypes rather than abandon them

Question 43

Attribution

Answer 43

An inference about the cause of a person's behaviour

Question 44

Correspondence bias

Answer 44

The tendency to make a dispositional attribution even when we should instead make a situational attribution

Question 45

Actor-observer effect

Answer 45

The tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviours while making dispositional attributions for the identical behaviour of others