Psychology Chapter 3

Question 1

What do dendrites do

Answer 1

collect messahes from other neurons and send them to the cell body

Question 2

What do axons do

Answer 2

Sends electrical impulses to other neurons, muscles, glands. They generate “action potential”

Question 3

What do the Glial Cells do

Answer 3

Hold neurons in place, make food for them

Question 4

What is the Myelin Sheath

Answer 4

Insualtion layer derived from glial cells that cover some axons. Makes action potential travel down the axon faster. Broken up into nodes of ranvier

Question 5

What do neurons communicate through

Answer 5

Action Potential

Question 6

What is resting potential

Answer 6

When ther is no communication happening, the charge inside the neuron is negative and is surrounded by positvely charged Na

Question 7

What is synapse

Answer 7

The space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of the connection neuron

Question 8

What is Glutamic Acid

Answer 8

• Excitatory

- Involved in all behaviour, learning, and memory

Question 9

What is Dopamine

Answer 9

• Motivation, reward, pleasure
• Voluntary motor control
• Thought process
• Too much causes Schizophrenia

Question 10

What is GABA

Answer 10

• Inhibitor
• > > Anxiety, motor control
• Alcohol makes the brain more sensitive to it

Question 11

What are Endorphins

Answer 11

• Reduce pain
• Bind to same receptors as opiates
• Act as relievers in severe injury

Question 12

What is Acetycholine

Answer 12

• Memory and muscle activity
• Lack of it causes Alzheimer’s
• Botulism blocks its release from axon, causing paralysis

Question 13

What are Neuromodulators

Answer 13

• Circulate brain and decrease/increase sensitivity of neuron’s
• Involved in eating/sleep/stress

Question 14

What is Norepinephrine

Answer 14

• involved in arousal and eating

- inhibitory and also excitatory depending on receptor

Question 15

What is Serotonin

Answer 15

• Mood, eating, sleep, sex

- Depression, sleep/eating disorders are treated by blocking reuptake, deactivation of Serotonin

Question 16

Antagonist VS. Agonisst

Answer 16

Antagonist: drug that inhibits activity of a neurotransmitter

Agnostic: drug that increases activity of a neurotransmitter

Question 17

What does alcohol do to the body

Answer 17

It stimulates GABA, inhibits glutamic acid, and cases slowing of neural activity

Question 18

What does caffeine do to the body

Answer 18

Antagonistic for adenosine, a chemical that inhibits excitatory transmitters (causes tiredness)

Question 19

What does Rohypnol and GHB do to the body

Answer 19

Date rape and powerful sedative that enhance GABA

Question 20

What does Amphetamines do to the body

Answer 20

• Increase dopamine and norepinephrine activity

- Does this by increasing production and preventing reuptake

Question 21

What does Nicotine do to the body

Answer 21

• Mimics ACh and stimulates dopamine

- The feeling recieved from dopamine is what causes the addiction

Question 22

What does Cocaine do to the body

Answer 22

• Stimulates release of dopamine

- Prevents its reuptake

Question 23

What are sensory neurons

Answer 23

Neurons that send messages from sense organs to the brain

Question 24

What are Interneurons

Answer 24

The most abundant neurons, have a connective function

Question 25

What is the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Answer 25

Neurons that connect muscles, glands, and sensory receptors

Question 26

What is the Somatic Nervous System

Answer 26

- voluntary movements | - consists of sensory and motor neurons

Question 27

What is the Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 27

- made up of glands and the involuntary muscles of organs | - also involved in motivation, emotional behaviour and stress response

Question 28

Types of ANS and their functions

Answer 28

1. ) Sympathetic Nervous System - responsible for "fight-or-flight" - Ex. speeds up heart, dilates pupils, increases oxygen 2. ) Parasympathetic Nervous System - slows down the body, returns you to rest - both work together to maintain "homeostasis"

Question 29

What is the CNS

Answer 29

Central Nervous System and consists of neurons only in brain and spinal cord

Question 30

Part function of the spinal cord

Answer 30

- a path of travel for nerves that leave the CNS | - Vertebrae protects the nerves

Question 31

What are spinal reflexes

Answer 31

It is when your body can react to certain situations before the signal even reaches your brain - Ex.) touching a hot stove

Question 32

Components of Hindbrain

Answer 32

1. ) Medulla 2. ) Pons 3. ) Cerebellum

Question 33

Function of the Medulla

Answer 33

- right off of spinal cord | - regulates heart rate and respiration

Question 34

Function of Pons

Answer 34

- bridge between the nerve impulses of the higher and lower levels of the nervous system - involved in sleep/dreaming

Question 35

Function of the Cerebellum

Answer 35

- Muscular movement coordination, learning, and memories - Regulates movements that require timing - Alcohol affects this and makes you uncoordinated

Question 36

Function of Midbrain

Answer 36

- cluster of sensory, motor nuerons, and fibre tracts - relay centre for visual/auditory system - control eye movements

Question 37

Components of the Forebrain

Answer 37

1. ) Thalamus 2. ) Basal Ganglia 3. ) Hypothalamus

Question 38

Function of the Thalamus

Answer 38

- sensory relay station/switchboard | - fromhere, sensations go to higher brain regions

Question 39

Function of the Basal Ganglia

Answer 39

- controls voluntary motor control | - In Parkinson's the neurons that supply it with dopamine die

Question 40

Function of the Hypothalamus

Answer 40

- controls biological drives (sex drive, temperature regulation, hunger, eating, drinking, aggression) - controls hormone secretions

Question 41

What is the job of the Limbic System

Answer 41

- help satisfy motivation and emotional urges caused by the hypothalamus - responsive for goal directed sequences

Question 42

Function of Hippocampus

Answer 42

- forms and retrieves memories | - damage can prevent long term memory

Question 43

Function of the Amygdala

Answer 43

- organizes emotional response patterns (aggression, fear) | - can produce unconscious emotional responses

Question 44

What are the parts of the Cerebral Cortex

Answer 44

1. ) Frontal Lobe 2. ) Parietal Lobe 3. ) Occipital Lobe 4. ) Temporal Lobe

Question 45

Components of the Frontal Lobe

Answer 45

1. Motor Cortex 2. Prefrontal Cortex 3. Broca's Area

Question 46

Function of the Motor Cortex

Answer 46

- each part of it controls a part of the body's voluntary movements - right controls left side of the body, and vice versa

Question 47

Functions of Prefrontal Cortex

Answer 47

- "executive function" is a goal setting and judgement | - murderers lack this function

Question 48

Function of Broca's Area

Answer 48

- controls speech, motor movements of speech and grammar/word choice - damage still lets you understand speech but you cannot speak it yourself