Psychology chapter 9

Question 1

Cognition

Answer 1

the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing , remembering, and communicating.

Question 2

Concept

Answer 2

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

Question 3

Prototyped

Answer 3

a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories.

Question 4

Insight

Answer 4

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.

Question 5

Algorithm

Answer 5

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier-but also more error-prone-use of heuristics.

Question 6

Heuristics

Answer 6

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone

Question 7

Confirmation bias

Answer 7

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.

Question 8

Fixation

Answer 8

The inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set.

Question 9

Mental set

Answer 9

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.

Question 10

Functional Fixedness

Answer 10

the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.

Question 11

Framing

Answer 11

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.

Question 12

Hindsight Bias

Answer 12

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that once would have foreseen it.

Question 13

Representativeness Heuristic

Answer 13

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.

Question 14

Availability Heuristic

Answer 14

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come to readily mind. we presume such events are common.

Question 15

Overconfidence

Answer 15

the tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgment.

Question 16

Belief perseverance

Answer 16

clinging to ones initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.

Question 17

Language

Answer 17

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.

Question 18

Phoneme

Answer 18

in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.

Question 19

Morpheme

Answer 19

in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (like a prefix)

Question 20

Grammar

Answer 20

in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.

Question 21

Semantics

Answer 21

the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning.

Question 22

Syntax

Answer 22

The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.

Question 23

Babbling stage

Answer 23

beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.

Question 24

One-word stage

Answer 24

the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.

Question 25

Two-word stage

Answer 25

beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements.

Question 26

Telegraphic speech

Answer 26

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram-“go car”-using mostly nouns and verbs.

Question 27

Linguistic determinism

Answer 27

Whorfs hypothesis that language determines the way we think.