Psychology Chapter 9:motivation

Question 1

what are the three perspectives on motivation

Answer 1

Drives and Incentive Theory
Arousal Theory
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Question 2

Homeostasis

Answer 2

The tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state

Question 3

incentives

Answer 3

an environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

Question 4

Arousal theory

Answer 4

view that people are motivated to maintain a level of arousal that is optimal—neither too high nor too low

Question 5

low arousal ► boredom ►

Answer 5

motivation for stimulation high arousal

Question 6

high arousal ► overstimulation ►

Answer 6

motivation for calm

Question 7

Hierarchy of needs

Answer 7

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

Question 8

Need for Achievement is a desire for:

Answer 8

▪ significant accomplishment
▪ mastering skills or ideas
▪ control
▪ rapidly attaining a high standard

Question 9

Emotion

Answer 9

a complex psychological state pr response

Question 10

Components of emotion:

Answer 10

physiological arousal
expressive behaviors
consciously experienced thoughts and feelings

Question 11

Emotionscan act as triggers

Answer 11

to motivate behavior, contribute to rational decision making, understanding and maintenance of relationships
reflect evolutionary adaptations to the problems of survival and reproduction

Question 12

Can Researchers are able to differentiate emotions based on physiological arousal, including heart rate, respiration (breathing rate), and perspiration?
true or false

Answer 12

false

Question 13

Emotional arousal and physiological response controlled by the divisions of the

Answer 13

autonomic nervous system

Question 14

sympathetic division

Answer 14

arousing

Question 15

sympathetic division body

Answer 15

pupils dilate
salivation decreases
skin perspires
heart accerlates
secretes stress hormone

Question 16

parasympathetic division

Answer 16

calming

Question 17

parasympathetic division body

Answer 17

pupils contract
salivation increases
skin dries
heart slows
decrease secretes stress hormone

Question 18

How do we experience emotions…

Answer 18

Cognitions (thoughts)
Physiological arousal
Subjective experience (feelings)

Question 19

Some emotions, such as basic likes, dislikes, and fears, happen instantly without conscious appraisal (thought), whereas other more complex emotions such as love or hatred are affected by our interpretations and appraisals (thought processes).

Answer 19

Zajonc; LaDoux

Question 20

Bodily responses (e.g., heart racing) happens at the same time that we have a subjective feeling (e.g., feeling afraid).

Answer 20

Cannon-Bard

Question 21

Our subjective experience (e.g., feeling afraid) happens in response to our bodily responses (e.g., heart beating faster).

Answer 21

James-Lange

Question 22

Emotion is derived from two factors: general arousal (similar bodily arousal for most emotions) and a conscious appraisal (a thought as to how we label or interpret the experience)

Answer 22

Schachter-Singer Two Factor

Question 23

can Facial expressions can influence how we feel. For example, smiling can lead someone to feel happy. And, frowning can lead someone to feel sad.
true or false

Answer 23

true

Question 24

Moderate arousal leads to optimal performance

Answer 24

Yerkes-Dodson law

Question 25

Drive-reduction theory

Answer 25

Physiological needs (such as hunger and thirst) create an aroused state that drives us to reduce the need (for example, by eating or drinking).

Question 26

Self-determination theory can

Answer 26

help leaders motivate people

Question 27

Ostracism

Answer 27

can also make people disagreeable, uncooperative, and hostile, which leads to further ostracism

Question 28

achievement motivation as a desire for significant accomplishment, for mastering skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard.

Answer 28

Henry Murray

Question 29

intrinsic motivation

Answer 29

the desire to perform a behavior well for its own sake

Question 30

extrinsic motivation

Answer 30

the desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment.

Question 31

James-Lange- Our awareness of our specific bodily responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.

Answer 31

We observe our heart racing after a threat and then feel afraid.

Question 32

Cannon-Bard- Bodily responses and simultaneous subjective experience.

Answer 32

Our heart races at the same time that we feel afraid.

Question 33

Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Two factors: general arousal and a conscious cognitive label.

Answer 33

We may interpret our arousal as fear or excitement, depending on the context.

Question 34

Zajonc; LeDoux Some embodied responses happen instantly, without conscious appraisal.

Answer 34

We automatically feel startled by a sound in the forest before labeling it as a threat.

Question 35

Lazarus Cognitive appraisal (“Is it dangerous or not?”) — sometimes without our awareness — defines emotion.

Answer 35

The sound is “just the wind.”