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psychology exam Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Pons controls

A

facial expressions

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2
Q

hypothalamus

A

maintains homeostasis

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3
Q

amygdala

A

involved in fear

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4
Q

cingulate gyras

A

worry and distress

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5
Q

nucleus accumbens

A

if pleasure and dopamine is the important neurotransmitter for pleasure

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6
Q

Frontal lobe

A

responsible for self-regulation of emotions

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7
Q

Left hemisphere

A

active for positive emotions (happiness, hope, joy, satisfaction, etc.)

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8
Q

right hemisphere

A

active for negative emotions (sadness, worry, fear, anxiety, anger, etc.)

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9
Q

Serotonin

A

regulates long term mood and important for appetite also

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10
Q

Eckman Basic Emotions

A

are anger, happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, and surprise which are innate
(part of human nature) that may be a primitive form of communication for all mammals

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11
Q

regulates long term mood and important for appetite also

A

says subjective emotions occur because we interpret our body’s
physiological reaction to determine our subjective feelings. Facial feedback theory is an extension of
this idea and says you can create the subjective feeling in yourself simply by forcing yourself to make
the expression, i.e. forcing a smile for several minutes will make you feel happy.

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12
Q

Cannon-Bard (simultaneous)

A

says when a situation occurs people simultaneously have both a
physiological reaction and a subjective feeling. Both occur in reaction to the situation and not because
of the other.

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13
Q

Schacter-Singer Two Factor

A

says that a situation causes physiological arousal, but then people do a
cognitive appraisal of the events and based on how they perceived the event a subjective feeling occurs.

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14
Q

Lazarus Cognitive Meditational

A

says that the cognitive appraisal of the situation occurs before the
physiological arousal and thus top-down processing affects what subjective feeling arises from the
physiological arousal.

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15
Q

Leptin (hormone)

A

produced in body fat reduces appetite

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16
Q

Insulin (hormone)

A

produced in pancreas allows cells to burn sugar and increases appetite

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17
Q

Ghrelin (hormone)

A

produced by the stomach that increases hunger

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18
Q

Glucose (sugar)

A

burned by cells for energy at level determined by metabolism

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19
Q

metabolism

A

rate glucose burned as set by thyroid

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20
Q

Set Point

A

how much your body wants to weigh

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21
Q

Satiety

A

when you stop eating

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22
Q

BMI

A

ratio of weight in kilograms to height in meters squared

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23
Q

healthy weight and has least health problems

A

18.5 – 24.9

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24
Q

Intrinsic rewards

A

anything we enjoy for itself (e.g. eating yummy food, sleeping when tired)

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25
Extrinsic rewards
reinforcements given as payment to get us to do things we do not intrinsically enjoy
26
Applied Behavior Analysis
uses rewards and punishments to teach healthy behavior and extinguish unhealthy behavior
27
Flooding
uses habituation to eliminate unwanted responses
28
Systematic Desensitization
uses counterconditioning to associate relaxation with a previously feared or traumatic situation. Virtual Reality Therapy uses VR headsets and gloves to help patients with PTSD virtually confront the situation that traumatized them.
29
Aversion Therapy
uses counterconditioning to associate an unpleasant stimulus with an unhealthy behavior
30
Positive Reinforcement
uses rewards only to encourage healthy behavior
31
Cognitive Perspective
explains mental health as inaccurate thinking (cognition) including inaccurate concepts, not useful schemas, and incorrect attributions to explain mental illness and corrects thinking to change behavior
32
Rational Emotive Therapy
directly challenges any incorrect ideas
33
Cognitive Therapy
more gently encourages a patient to evaluate their own concepts and test if they are correct.
34
Psychodynamic Perspective
explains mental illness as the result of unconscious conflicts due to repressed memories or childhood experiences (often poor parenting)
35
Psychoanalysis
was original form of psychotherapy. Patients have multiple appointments a week for years with therapist to explore their past experiences and unearth repressed memories
36
Insight-Oriented Therapy
which still looks to discover the original cause of the mental illness but does not assume that cause is sexual or from childhood.
37
Humanistic Perspective
explains mental illness as the result of unmet needs
38
Client-Centered (or Person-Centered) Therapy
form of psychotherapy used to provide unconditional positive regard for clients
39
Sociocultural Perspective
explains mental illness in context of family, friends, co-workers, and culture that provides social norms and social support (or lack thereof) to a person
40
Biological Perspective
Medical model and it sees mental illness as the result of physiological processes like hormonal imbalances, nervous system problems, or brain structures
41
Antidepressants
improve long-term mood (not moment to moment emotions) and increase appetite by increasing serotonin. They also seem to help a bit with long term anxiety problems. Usually antidepressant treatment is only needed for a few months, but some people take the medication longer.
42
Tranquilizers (also called antianxiety medication or anxiolytics) a
are sedatives that reduce nervous system activity by increasing GABA. Some (barbiturates) must be used long term by epileptics to control seizures, but those use to treat anxiety (benzodiazepines) are reserved for very short term use because tranquillizers are highly addictive and have a relatively high risk of causing fatal overdose, especially when combined with other drugs.
43
Stimulants
ncrease central nervous activity and decrease appetite. They are used long term to treat narcolepsy and attention disorders despite the moderate risk of addiction.
44
Antipsychotics (also called neuroleptics)
calm a person by blocking dopamine. They are very effective in treating the hallucinations and delusions of schizophrenia, but have severe side effects including lethargy, lack of motivation, flat affect, and a movement disorder called tardive dyskinesia (it resembles Parkinson’s disease but is drug induced). Although lifetime use is needed to control symptoms, the side effects are often perceived as worse than the mental illness for patients on these drugs
45
Mood Stabilizers
keep long-term mood more even with less severe depression and fewer or no manic episodes. Lithium which is a salt was the first discovered and some anticonvulsants used to treat epilepsy also work as do some atypical antipsychotic drugs.
46
Biopsychosocial Perspective
views mental illness as a complex problem that results from the interaction of biology, culture, cognition, learning, and social supports and therefore needs to be treated using a combination of approaches that are best suited for the patient experiencing the problem
47
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
combines correcting a patient’s thinking with rewards and punishments for doing so.
48
Dialectic behavioral Therapy
combines group support and lessons with individual assessments of which ideas from the group are useful for the individual patient and worth pursuing and which ideas are not useful for that individual.
49
General Practitioner (MD or LPN)
has a medical degree with no psychology education, but is often first profession seen for problems. They can prescribe medication but usually refer a patient to specialists
50
Psychiatrist (MD)
has a medical degree with residency in psychiatry. They usually just prescribe medication, but they can engage in therapy or refer patient to psychologist
51
Psychologist (PhD or PsyD)
has a doctorate in psychology and a clinical internship . They can only prescribe medication in some states, but are capable to engage in many psychotherapies, even for severe problems. They may partner with a psychiatrist
52
Counselor (LPC)
has a master degree in psychology or specialized training. They can assess patients and engage in therapy for mild problems at a less expensive rate. However, patients with severe problems must be referred to psychologists or psychiatrists
53
Social Worker (LPSW)
has a masters or doctorate degree in social work, not psychology. They generally help a person reach needed resources available in the community, but they can lead groups as well
54
Family/Group Therapist (LMFT)
has a master or doctorate degree in psychology & clinical internship. They specialize in psychotherapy with family, couple, or group with common problem issue. They often work with psychiatrist or psychologist
55
General Adaptation Syndrome theory
-First phase is alarm reaction where organism freezes and stops responding to evaluate situation -Second phase is resistance where organism fights back against the stress until a solution is found OR -Final phase is when the organism is exhausted and stops even trying to escape or protect itself from stress. -Learned helplessness then makes it more difficult for organism to learn to escape stress even when an escape becomes possible.
56
Psychoneuroimmunology
is the study of how physical health and mental health affect each other by taking a biopsychosocial perspective that looks at the interaction of multiple influences on health
57
Type A Personality
have increased risk of cardiovascular disease
58
Type B Personality
are less likely to be affected by stress
59
Type C Personality
are more likely to obsess over problems and may have increased risk of cancer
60
Type D people
are at high risk for learned helplessness and hurting themselves
61
Phobias
fear of a specific object or situation
62
Agoraphobia
fear of public places
63
Social Anxiety Disorder
anxiety from being around other people
64
Panic Disorder
episodes lasting several minutes of sheer terror for no apparent reason
65
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
feeling worries and uptight over everything nearly all the time for months
66
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
a reaction to some extremely disturbing event that causes great fear and anxiety
67
Autism
a disorder that interferes with communication skills
68
Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)
the inability to pay attention and stay on task for a reasonable length of time
69
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
ADD plus an inability to sit still or stay in a seat for any length of time
70
Anorexia Nervosa
the refusal to eat despite a preoccupation with food
71
Bulimia Nervosa
a cycle of binge eating followed by purging the food by vomiting or using large doses of laxatives.
72
Binge Eating Disorder
is repeated episodes of eating extremely large amounts of food without purges
73
Illness Anxiety Disorder
also known as medical student disorder or hypochondriacs and it is characterized by obsessions over physical symptoms that are not attributable to physical illness
74
Major Depression
is characterized by at least 2 weeks of persistent low mood
75
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)
s characterized by an unstable self-concept, fear of abandonment, and emotional outbursts

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