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psychology exam Flashcards

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1
Q

what is psychological development?

A

How and why individuals grow, change, and adapt across the course of their lives.

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2
Q

Nature (hereditary)

A

Your genetics, the combination of genes from your biological parents

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3
Q

Nurture (environmental)

A

Your upbringing, including prenatal, learning environment, sociocultural, physical, emotional

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4
Q

Epigenetics

A

When the environment affects the expression of genes

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5
Q

characteristics of mental wellbeing

A

-High levels of functioning
-emotional wellbeing
-Resilience to life’s stressors
-Social wellbeing

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6
Q

Mentally healthy

A

-high functioning
-manage feelings/emotions
-logic/problem solving
-high self-esteem
-resilience

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7
Q

Mental health problem

A

Caused by an event
irritable
sleep/food issues
short term disruptions that affect everyday functioning

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8
Q

Mental Disorder

A

Three Ds: distress (emotions), dysfunction (everyday coping), deviance (inconsistent with society)
◦ Functioning, coping, relationships
◦ Changes in thoughts, feelings, behaviour
◦ Atypical character

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9
Q

Typical behaviours

A

patterns of behaviour that are expected of an individual or that conform to standards of what is acceptable for a given situation.

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10
Q

Atypical behaviours

A

not expected for individual, deviate from the norm, can be harmful/distressing.

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11
Q

Atypical development

A

When skills, behaviours, abilities fall outside expected range for age.

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12
Q

Cultural Perspectives

A

Determining what is normal based on culture.

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13
Q

Social Norms

A

Shared standards/shared belief systems

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14
Q

Statistical rarity:

A

Deviation from statistical norm

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15
Q

Normality

A

patterns of behaviour that are typical and expected, conform to standards of what is expected.

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16
Q

Abnormality

A

behaviours that are unusual, bizarre, atypical out of the ordinary.

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17
Q

Neurotypicality

A

standard brain functioning

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18
Q

Neurodiversity

A

The idea that every human has a unique nervous system with a different combination of abilities and needs

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19
Q

Adaptive/maladaptive

A

whether or not we can adjust to our environment

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20
Q

how many australians does ADHD affect?

A

Affects about 1 in 20 Australians

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21
Q

Psychologists

A

Approx. 6 years of study
Can diagnose mental illness, but they study behaviour, thoughts, emotional state rather than medicine, so cannot prescribe medication.
Provide counselling and treatment

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22
Q

Psychiatrists

A

Approx. 12 years of study
Medical doctors who are experts in mental health
Can prescribe medication and perform medical procedures

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23
Q

Organisations

A

-Not for profit and government services
-Cheaper alternative to psychologist/psychiatrist
-Exist in remote areas

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24
Q

Support workers

A

General support to meet goals, make recovery plans, obtain services, perform daily activities.

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25
genotype
genes (unique sequence of DNA)
26
phenotype
expression (observable characteristics)
27
attachment styles
secure: sad when gone/ happy when back insecure avoidant: ambivalent to both insecure resistant: distressed when leaves/mixed ( e.g: hitting) when back disorganised: inconsistent
28
mental health continuum
high: mentally healthy moderate: mental health problem (caused by an event) low: mental disorder, distress, dysfunction, deviant.
29
5 ways to categorise typical/ atypical behaviour.
cultural social norms statistical rarity personal distress maladaptive behaviour
30
biosychosocial model
this model posits that biological psychological and social factors work together to influence development
31
twin studies
perfect for measuring whether a trait is nature/nurture (same genes, different environment)
32
identical twins
monozygotic
33
non-identical twins
dizygotic
34
personal distress
If a behaviour makes a person suffer it is atypical.
35
maladaptive behaviours
behaviours that do not help us survive or work towards our goals are considered atypical.
36
DSM (diagnostic and statistical manual) diagnosis, inattention and hyperactivity must:
be excessive for that age be present before age 12 persist longer than 6 months contribute to impairment
37
symptoms of ADHD
-executive function (planning etc.) affected -working memory (short-term memory -alertness (often underalert) -impaired time estimation
38
between-subject design
-different participants are placed in each group and their differences are measured
39
within-subjects design
each participants completes both experimental and control conditions, and differences between trials are measured
40
mixed design
-both designs are used to cancel out the limitations of each
41
Biological (hereditary):
Genetics, sex, hormones, immune function, physical health, nutrition, sleep.
42
Psychological (mental factors)
Ways of thinking, learning/memory style, beliefs/attitudes, personality
43
Social (environment)
Education, income level, family dynamics, abuse/neglect, social/cultural norms, attachment style
44
example of a maladaptive behaviour
picking a fight with a friend when you are stressed is atypical.
45
ethical guidelines in research
1. confidentially- participant’s information must be kept private 2. voluntary participation -participants must be willingly involved 3. informed consent procedures- participants must know what the study is about and sign a consent form. 4. withdrawal rights- participants can leave at any time 5. deception- participants must be told the time nature of study, unless it is absolutely vital to lie( if you use deception, you must debrief participants afterwards) 6. debriefing- participants must be told all details of the experiment after it finishes, as well as their results.
46
dependent variable
the way the experimenter measures the results
47
independent variable
the variable that the experimenter manipulates
48
population/sample
population: the entire group of people that you want your study to be about (you can’t test on all of them) sample: the small group that represents the population (the group you test)
49
allocation
how participants are divided into experimental and control groups
50
random allocation
each participant has an equal chance of being in either group
51
matched participants
each participant has a partner with similar characteristics who is placed in the other group
52
hypothesis
-if …. then…. -prediction of result -control /experimental conditions (both iv’s compared) -direction
53
cultural perspectives strengths and limitations
strength: we know what to expect in our culture. limitation: no universal agreement
54
social norm strengths and limitations
strength: society has order/control limitation: social norms change over time
55
statistical rarity strengths and limitations
strength: normal is what is common limitation: many common things should be atypical
56
personal distress strengths and limitations
strength: focuses on wellbeing limitation: many common things should be atypical
57
maladaptive behaviours strengths and limitations
strength: focus on personal goals/ survival limitation: subjective and clashes with statistical rarity
58
Define “attachment” and outline Harry Harlow’s conclusion based on his experiment on rhesus monkeys
emotional bond between infant and another person contact comfort is more important to infants than nutrience and sustenance
59
professor Helen Milroy
first aboriginal psychaitrist
60
holistic
addresses all parts of a person’s well-being (not just mental)
61
5 dimensions of the holistic model
physical psychological social spiritual cultural

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