Psychology Exam 2 Flashcards
(161 cards)
1
Q
what is the nervous system
A
An extensive network of specialized cells that carry information to and from parts of the body
2
Q
What is neuroscience
A
examination of structure and function of the nervous system
3
Q
What is behavioral neuroscience
A
exploration of the relationship between the nervous system and behavior and learning
4
Q
What is biopsychology another name for
A
behavioral neuroscience
5
Q
What are characteristics of the nervous system
A
Complexity
integrated
adaptable
electrochemical
6
Q
What does integrated mean in term of the nervous system
A
different levels and parts of the body all work together
7
Q
What two systems does the nervous system consist of
A
The Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous System
8
Q
What components does the Central nervous system consist of
A
Brain and spinal cord
9
Q
What components does the peripheral nervous system consist of
A
Somatic division and the Autonomic division
10
Q
What does the brain do for the body
A
It is the command center and major data processor
11
Q
What does the spinal cord do for the body
A
Connects the brain to the body and has a spinal cord reflex
12
Q
What are the two subdivisions of the Somatic Division of the Peripheral Nervous System
A
The sensory pathway and the motor pathway
13
Q
What are the two subdivisions of the Autonomic Division of the Peripheral Nervous System
A
The sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division
14
Q
What common “action” does the sympathetic division have
A
fight or flight
15
Q
What common “action” does the parasympathetic division have
A
heal and grow
16
Q
What is the spinal cord
A
a long bundle of neurons
17
Q
What components does the Peripheral Nervous System contain
A
Everything except the brain and spinal cord
18
Q
Is the somatic division of the PNS voluntary or involuntary
A
voluntary
19
Q
Is the autonomic division of the PNS voluntary or involuntary
A
involuntary
20
Q
What is the main job of the spinal cord/Central Nervous system
A
carry messages between the body and the brain
21
Q
What is the spinal cord reflex
A
An action carried out by the CNS that is responsible for very fast and lifesaving reflexes
22
Q
What functions does the medulla serve
A
Life-sustaining functions (breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, etc)
23
Q
What happens if the medulla is damaged
A
Death or life support
24
Q
What function does the pons serve
A
plays a role in sleeping, dreaming, and coordination between the left and right side of the body
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What happens if the pons is damaged
sleep disruption or a coma
26
What is the job of the thalamus
Relay station for sensory information to direct it from lower areas to the correct part of the cortex
27
What is the job of the cerebellum
Assists in motor coordination (posture, movement, balance) and conditioned reflexes
28
What happens if the cerebellum is damaged
Will be problems with automatic motor behavior (balance)
29
What does the reticular formation do
Plays a role in controlling arousal (enables it), helps filter information
30
What is the reticular formation
Nerve network through the brainstem and thalamus
31
What is the limbic system associated with
emotion, memory, and drive
32
What are the three parts of the limbic system
Hypothalamus
hippocampus
amygdala
33
What is the main job of the hypothalamus
Homeostasis (regulate the body's internal state)
34
What is the main job of the hippocampus
formation and recall of long term memories
35
What is the main job of the amygdala
emotional awareness and expression
36
What is the largest part of the brain in humans
the cortex
37
What is the cortex
the outer covering of the brain that is made of densely packed neurons
38
What is the job of the cortex
involved in higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input
39
What percentage of the brain's weight does the cortex take up
85%
40
Why is the cortex wrinkled
Allows for a larger number to fit in a smaller space and more complicated connections between neurons
41
What are the cerebral hemispheres
Two sections of the cortex that splits the brain into a right and left side
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What is the corpus callosum
thick band of neurons
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What is the job of the corpus callosum
connects the right and left side of the brain for communication
44
What are the four lobes of the cortex
Frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal
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Where is the motor cortex located in the brain
between the frontal and parietal lobes
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What is the job of the motor cortex
command voluntary muscle movements
47
What is the occipital lobe in charge of
vision
48
What is the temporal lobe in charge of
hearing
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What is the parietal lobe in charge of
processing and integrating sensory information (pain, touch, pressure, sensations, location in space, etc)
50
What is the frontal lobe in charge of
Higher mental processes and the production of fluent speech (intelligence, problem solving, personality, emotional control, etc)
51
What are the association areas of the cortex responsible for
coordination, interpretation of information, higher mental processes
52
What is aphasia
Brain based language/communication problem
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Where does damage occur with Broca's Aphasia
In the left frontal lobe (Broca's area)
54
What is another name for Broca's aphasia
expressive aphasia
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What occurs when someone has Broca's aphasia
They can understand speech but can't form fluent responses
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Where does damage occur with Wernicke's aphasia
in the left temporal lobe (Wernicke's area)
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What is another name for Wernicke's aphasia
receptive aphasia
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What occurs when someone has Wernicke's aphasia
they can't understand speech so they can't produce meaningful responses
59
What causes spatial neglect
damage to the association areas of the right hemisphere
60
What occurs when someone has spatial neglect
they are unable to recognize objects or body parts in their left visual field
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What causes prosopagnosia
damage to the right fusiform gyrus
62
What occurs when someone has prosopagnosia
inability to recognize people's faces
63
What side of the body does the left side of the brain control
right
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What side of the body does the right side of the brain control
left
65
What is the left side of the brain in charge of
Spoken language, written language, logic, reasoning, numerical thinking
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What is the right side of the brain in charge of
emotional thinking, expression, spatial perception, processing of information globally
67
what does the Somatic nervous system do
carries sensory information to the nervous system and controls voluntary skeletal muscles
68
What does the sensory pathway consist of
sensory (afferent) neurons
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What is the job of the sensory pathway
carries sensory information from senses to CNS
70
What does the motor pathway consist of
motor (efferent) neurons
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What is the job of the motor pathway
controlling the voluntary muscles
72
What is Lou Gehrig's disease
when motor neurons in the motor pathways start to deteriorate
73
What does the Autonomic Nervous System do
It keeps us alive (heart, digestion, breathing)
74
what does the sympathetic division of the ANS do
fight or flight system that reacts to stressful events by directing resources for short term survival
75
what does the parasympathetic division of the ANS do
It provides rest (calmness) and digestion (conservation of energy) in order to restore the body to normal functioning
76
What happens if the parasympathetic division is activated for too long
It can cause health issues
77
How can potential health issues from the parasympathetic division being activated for too long be resolved
through mindfulness exercises (yoga, meditation, etc)
78
What are neurons
cells that process, receive, and send messages
79
What is neuroplasticity
When mature (old) neurons take on new jobs in the body because they are unable to divide
80
What is neurogenesis
The ability to make some new neurons
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how can neurogenesis be encouraged to occur
sleep, nutrition, exercise, non-stressful stimulation
82
What are the three parts of a neuron
Dendrites
some
axon
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what happens at the dendrite
the message is detected
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what happens at the soma
cell body that keeps the cell alive
85
what happens at the axon
tube-like structure that carries the message away
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how many axons does a neuron have
only 1
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What does a sensory neuron do
carries information from senses to CNS
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What is another name for sensory neurons
afferent neurons
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what does a motor neuron do
carries messages from the CNS to muscles
90
What is another name for motor neurons
efferent neurons
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what is the most common neuron in the brain
interneurons
92
what do interneurons do
the connect and coordinate the sensory and motor neurons
93
Are interneurons involved in the spinal cord reflex
yes
94
what percentage of the brain do glial cells make up
90%
95
what percentage of the brain do neurons make up
10%
96
Five functions of glial cells
1. provide support for neurons
2. deliver nutrients to neurons
3. clean up waste products/dead neurons
4. help repair damage
5. Production of myelin
97
what is myelin
a fatty substance that coats axons to insulate, protect, and speed up impulses
98
what is multiple sclerosis
the body attacks and disintegrates the myelin
99
what happens in an electrical neural impulse
the message is sent from the dendrite to the axon within one cell
100
What is the all or none property of generating messages within the neuron
It fires completely or not at all
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what happens in a chemical neural impulse
the message is sent from the axon of one cell to the dendrite of another cell
102
What is a neurotransmitter
a chemical used to pass the message onto the next cell
103
how many neurotransmitters does a cell have
1
104
How many neurotransmitters have been discovered so far
100+
105
What is a synapse/synaptic gap
microscopic space between neurons (neurons don't touch)
106
what are receptor sites
holes in the surface of dendrites that are shaped to fit only certain neurotransmitters
107
What are agonists
chemical compounds that increase the impact of a neurotransmitter
108
What are antagonists
chemical compounds that decrease the impact of a neurotransmitter
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What is reuptake
a cell that sent the neurotransmitter out vacuums it up and puts it into the terminal button to be used for the next message (recycle and reuse)
110
What is the most common form of synapse cleaning
reuptake
111
what is enzyme action
synapses that have enzymes and destroy the neurotransmitter
112
what is the fastest form of cleaning the synapse
enzyme action
113
what is diffusion
some molecules drift away and stop having a function
114
What is the endocrine system
the other communication system besides the nervous system (both are interconnected)
115
What is the job of the endocrine system
contains glands that make hormones that travel through the bloodstream
116
what is learning
relatively enduring change in behavior due to experience and creating the ability to profit from these experiences
117
What are the three types of learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
cognitive learning
118
what is classical conditioning
when a new trigger causes an old response
119
is classical conditioning automatic/involuntary or voluntary?
automatic/voluntary
120
what is operant behavior
associating behavior with consequences (rewards/punishments)
121
What is cognitive learning
Learning by watching (copying/observational learning/social learning)
122
Who discovered classical conditioning
Pavlov
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What did Pavlov discover in terms of classical conditioning
A new trigger/stimulus, after it becomes associated with a natural trigger, causes the old automatic response
124
What are the four components to classical conditioning
unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
conditioned stimulus
conditioned response
125
What is an unconditioned stimulus
Natural trigger (original cause of the response)
126
unconditioned response
natural effect based on the trigger
127
conditioned stimulus
Learned trigger becomes associated with the Unconditioned stimulus (the new cause)
128
Conditioned response
The learned effect with the same response but now for a new reason
129
Tricks to understanding classical conditioning
a. Find the response (biological or emotional and happened automatically)
b. Now know CR and UR (most often)
c. Find the thing that ALWAYS made it happen (US)
d. Find the new thing making it happen (was neutral (CS))
130
Classical conditioning principles
a. CS must come BEFORE US (order matters)
b. CS and US must come VERY CLOSE together – within seconds (timing matters)
c. CS (NS) and US must be paired several times – with some exceptions (repetition matters)
131
What is counterconditioning
The ability to unlearn fears through classical conditioning
132
who is considered to be the father of behaviorism
John Watson
133
what is conditioned taste aversion
a negative biological response to a particular taste (after just one pairing)
134
what is biological preparedness
when some things are learned easier due to potential survival value
135
What is operant conditioning
learn a voluntary behavior due to its consequences
136
What is thorndike's law of effect
if an action brings a reward, then that action becomes stamped into the mind (behavior changes due to its consequences)
137
What is skinners contribution to Thorndike's Law of Effect
if learning depends on what happens after the consequences, we can change behavior by manipulating consequences
138
What is reinforcement
Making someone feel better afterwards
139
What is punishment
making them feel worse afterwards
140
Positive Reinforcement (positive R+)
add a good (ex: allowance, treats, etc)
141
Negative reinforcement (Negative R+)
Take away a bad (Ex: aspirin removes a headache)
142
positive punishment
add a bad (ex: spanking)
143
negative punishment
take away a good (Ex: time out)
144
What is another name for a negative punishment
punishment by removal
145
what is another name for a positive punishment
punishment by application
146
What is the process of shaping
breaking down a desired behavior into steps with successive approximations
147
What is an instinctive drift
When animals may revert to genetically controlled patterns (which makes things harder to train compared to others)
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What is extinction
when a behavior stops if it is not positively reinforced
149
what is spontaneous recovery
when a behavior reappears
150
What is a discriminative stimulus
lets you know if R+/punishment is likely based on things in the environment
151
What makes a punishment effective
1. Should be immediate (especially animals and children)
2. Should be consistent
3. Should be paired with R+ of desired behavior (need to fill the gap with good so that it still produces the good feeling)
152
fear and anxiety decreases learning
true
153
does physical punishment lead to more aggression
yes
154
can ineffective punishment teach the individual to avoid being caught
yes
155
what is continuous reinforcement
using a positive reinforcement for every correct response
156
what is a partial reinforcement
using a positive reinforcement only sometimes (delays extinction and behaviors last longer)
157
what affect does continuous reinforcement have
continuous to learn, partial to maintain
158
what is learning/performance distinction (latent learning)
learning can take place before learned behavior is displayed
159
what is cognitive learning
learning by gathering information by watching others or through language
160
What is observational learning
Learning by watching others
161
What are the findings of Bandura's bobo doll study
1. we can learn by watching
2. consequences for others matter
3. catharsis is an emotional release where watching others being angry doesn't necessarily reduce our anger
4. there are differences presented in males vs female (males had more physical aggression, both had equal verbal aggression)
5. people are less likely to copy negative if they process what they see (watching with someone else and talking about it)
