psychology EXAM 2

Question 1

Which of the following factors does NOT seem to be closely related to happiness?
High self-esteem
Gender
Optimism
Sleeping well

Answer 1

Gender

Question 2

What state of mind is created when we experience a series of bad events and develop feelings of passive resignation?

Personal control
Internal locus of control
External locus of control
Learned helplessness

Answer 2

Learned helplessness

Question 3

Matthew believes that no matter how hard he works, there is so much systemic bias against his ethnic group
that he will be unable to achieve economic success. Juan’s thinking MOST clearly demonstrates

Type B personality
External locus of control
Relative deprivation
The adaptation-level phenomenon

Answer 3

External locus of control

Question 4

Which of these is NOT true of social support?

Social support provides us with the ability to control our impulses
Social support fosters stronger immune functioning
Close relationships give us an opportunity to talk about our problems
Social support calms us and reduces blood pressure and stress hormones

Answer 4

Social support provides us with the ability to control our impulses

Question 5

Attempting to alleviate stress by addressing emotional needs, rather than facing the stressor directly, is known as

Meditation
Biofeedback
Problem-focused coping
Emotion-focused coping

Answer 5

Emotion-focused coping

Question 6

Students who expect that they will be able to rebound from a low test score through their own effort and self-discipline MOST clearly demonstrate

the adaptation-level phenomenon
optimism
an external locus of control
the benefits of aerobic exercise

Answer 6

optimism

Question 7

The field of positive psychology is different from its many other fields in its focus on

Understanding and alleviating negative states
Promoting positive states
Investigating individual opinions of what brings people happiness
Reinforcing positive feelings using operant conditioning approaches

Answer 7

Promoting positive states

Question 8

Abraham Maslow referred to the need to live up to one’s fullest and unique potential as the

need for self-esteem
need to belong
need for self-actualization
needs hierarchy

Answer 8

need for self-actualization

Question 9

The Yerkes-Dodson law refers to the general tendency for optimal performance to be associated with

high arousal
moderate arousal
homeostasis
achievement motivation

Answer 9

moderate arousal

Question 10

According to the instinct theory, behavior is influenced by:

genetic predispositions
arousal levels
incentives
homeostasis

Answer 10

genetic predispositions

Question 11

The theory that we feel motivated to satisfy our needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness is called

self-determination theory
drive-reduction theory
arousal theory
instinct theory

Answer 11

self-determination theory

Question 12

_____ motivation is a desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard.

Belongingness
Achievement
Affiliation
Narcissistic

Answer 12

Achievement

Question 13

Our need to belong is most clearly threatened by

drive reduction
chain migration
self-actualization
ostracism

Answer 13

ostracism

Question 14

Margaret gardens and grows flowers each summer because she enjoys it. Margaret’s behavior reflects _____.

ntrinsic motivation
extrinsic motivation
achievement motivation
affiliation need

Answer 14

intrinsic motivation

Question 15

Which of these is NOT related to emotions?

subconscious interpretation
physiological arousal
expressive behaviors
conscious experience

Answer 15

subconscious interpretation

Question 16

_____ have demonstrated that some emotional responses involve no conscious thinking.

Lazarus and LeDoux
Cannon and Bard
Zajonc and LeDoux
Schachter and Zajonc

Answer 16

Zajonc and LeDoux

Question 17

To experience an emotion, a person must be physically aroused and cognitively label that arousal. This theory of emotion was suggested by:

Cannon and Bard
James and Lange
Zajonc and LeDoux
Schachter and Singer

Answer 17

Schachter and Singer

Question 18

In response to various stressors, _____ increase(s) your heart rate and respiration.

the sympathetic nervous system
the parasympathetic nervous system
your thalamus
your adrenal glands

Answer 18

the sympathetic nervous system

Question 19

According to Carroll Izard, there are 10 basic emotions that humans experience and most of these are present during infancy. Which of these is one of these basic emotions?

boredom
disgust
ecstasy
empathy

Answer 19

disgust

Question 20

One problem with the use of the polygraph for lie detection is that

anxiety, irritation, and guilt feelings all prompt similar physiological reactivity
polygraph assessments are more expensive than brain scans
emotions involve expressive behaviors as well as autonomic nervous system arousal
guilty people are presumed to be innocent in a lie detector test

Answer 20

anxiety, irritation, and guilt feelings all prompt similar physiological reactivity

Question 21

Which component of the body is responsible for calming the body after a crisis passes?

The sympathetic division
The insula
The parasympathetic division
The left frontal lobe

Answer 21

The parasympathetic division

Question 22

When shown a face with an evenly mixed expression of fear and anger, _____ children were much quicker than other children to see anger.

socially extraverted
academically successful
athletically skilled
physically abused

Answer 22

physically abused

Question 23

The most unambiguous nonverbal clue to our specific emotional state is provided by our

facial muscles
hand gestures
body posture
respiration rate

Answer 23

facial muscles

Question 24

Which of these statements is TRUE about gender, emotion, and nonverbal behavior?

Men’s emotionality is typically attributed to their disposition
Women’s emotionality is typically attributed to their circumstances
Women’s nonverbal sensitivity helps explain their greater emotional literacy
Men generally surpass women at reading people’s emotional cues when given “thin slices” of behavior

Answer 24

Women’s nonverbal sensitivity helps explain their greater emotional literacy

Question 25

_____ is the best way to describe identification with others and the ability to imagine walking in their shoes. Sympathy Apathy Empathy Emotion detection

Answer 25

Empathy

Question 26

People from different cultures are most likely to differ with respect to their facial expressions for different emotions, such as sadness or surprise how they interpret hand gestures, for example, the "A-OK" sign the specific states of physiological arousal associated with their feelings of happiness or disgust the way they categorize basic emotions such as fear and anger

Answer 26

how they interpret hand gestures, for example, the "A-OK" sign

Question 27

Activating the muscles involved in smiling may actually make us feel happier. This is an example of (the) _____. behavior feedback effect catharsis facial feedback effect universal emotion

Answer 27

facial feedback effect

Question 28

When Maria acts happy, she experiences increased feelings of cheerfulness. This best illustrates the behavior feedback effect greater emotional expressiveness of women the facial feedback effect the effect of mimicking

Answer 28

the behavior feedback effect

Question 29

The cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs make up the inner ear outer ear middle ear all of the above

Answer 29

inner ear

Question 30

The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time is known as amplitude loudness frequency pitch

Answer 30

frequency

Question 31

According to the _____, the spinal cord contains a neurological opening that either blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. placebo theory of pain gate-control theory of pain biopsychosocial theory of pain large-fiber theory of pain

Answer 31

gate-control theory of pain

Question 32

The sense of smell is called gustation audition kinesthesia olfaction

Answer 32

olfaction

Question 33

specialized receptors responsible for detecting taste information are known as Papilla Gustatory (taste) receptors Hair cells Taste buds

Answer 33

Gustatory (taste) receptors

Question 34

Which taste sensation indicates potential poisons? Sweet Sour Bitter Umami

Answer 34

Bitter

Question 35

One sense influencing the perception of another sense is known as sensory interaction synesthesia sensory integration embodied cognition

Answer 35

sensory interaction

Question 36

Stan has been diagnosed as having a substance use disorder. The therapist explains to Stan that the disorder severity is considered mild. Based on the criteria for rating levels of severity of substance use disorders, Stan would have _____ symptoms. one or two two or three three or four four or five

Answer 36

two or three

Question 37

Jamie regularly takes a pain reliever for hip pain. After a few weeks, they notice that they need to increase the amount of pain-relieving drug that they take each day in order to achieve the same level of pain relief. The phenomenon that Jamie is experiencing is called tolerance a behavior addiction withdrawal substance use disorder

Answer 37

tolerance

Question 38

The broad term that refers to a condition in which a person feels compelled to take a specific drug despite negative consequences is an altered state tolerance neuroadaptation addiction

Answer 38

addiction

Question 39

Psychoactive drugs produce their effects by altering users' desires the brainstem the brain's chemical message system users' expectations

Answer 39

the brain's chemical message system

Question 40

The chemical substances that alter mood, thinking, sensation, or perception are called addictions psychoactive drugs neuroadaptation hormones neurotransmitters

Answer 40

psychoactive drugs

Question 41

Alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates calm neural activity and slow body functions. They belong to which category of psychoactive drugs? hallucinogens stimulants tranquilizers depressants

Answer 41

depressants

Question 42

What is considered a stimulant and a mild hallucinogen? LSD heroin Ecstasy Cocaine

Answer 42

Ecstasy

Question 43

The acquisition of mental information by observing events, by watching others, or by means of language is called classical conditioning operant conditioning cognitive learning associative learning

Answer 43

cognitive learning

Question 44

Any event or situation that evokes a response is a(n): respondent behavior operant behavior stimulus neutral stimulus

Answer 44

stimulus

Question 45

Long after their conditioned fear of cats had been extinguished, Juan experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when he first met his cousin's new sphinx cat. Juan's unexpected nervousness BEST illustrates spontaneous recovery generalization acquisition associative learning

Answer 45

spontaneous recovery

Question 46

One of Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology was to show how dogs anticipate and expect events classical conditioning can be used to explain learning in canines but not other organisms an organism can learn to repeat acts followed by good results the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods

Answer 46

the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods

Question 47

Zack repeatedly hears a tone just before having a puff of air directed into their eye. Blinking in response to a tone presented without a puff of air is a(n) unconditioned response conditioned response unconditioned stimulus conditioned stimulus

Answer 47

conditioned response

Question 48

Most learning involves the process of association. With classical conditioning, an organism comes to associate two or more stimuli and anticipate events a response and its consequence a neutral stimulus and a reward something observed and its consequences

Answer 48

two or more stimuli and anticipate events

Question 49

____________ is the tendency to respond in a similar manner to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus. Generalization Acquisition Discrimination Spontaneous recovery

Answer 49

Generalization