psychology exam 2 Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
what is a psychological disorder
A
psychological dysfunction indicated by a set of abnormal behaviors
2
Q
What is the medical model of abnormality/disordered psychological behavior?
A
Medical model of psychopathology is the idea that psychopathology is a disease like any other that can be treated and cured
3
Q
What did Rosenhan (1973) find about being labeled with a disorder?
A
“normal” can be viewed as “abnormal” under the right circumstances; you interpret everything to confirm what you already believe
4
Q
What is the DSM
A
standardized, reliable, and validated tool for diagnosing psychological disorders; diagnoses based on objective questions about observable behavior
5
Q
how was the DSM created
A
The DSM was created when a group of psychologists got together and decided which disorders existed based on their practices and observations and determined the symptoms; they shared ideas about the symptoms
6
Q
what version of the DSM are we currently using and how many disorders are in it
A
DSM 5; 20 classes of disorders
7
Q
what is a major change of the DSM 5
A
intro to neurodevelopment disorders that emphasize neurobiological bases of autism spectrum and ADHD
8
Q
how many disorders are in DSM 1
A
106
9
Q
how many disorders are in DSM 2
A
182
10
Q
How many disorders in DSM 3 and DSM 3R
A
265, 292
11
Q
How many disorders in DSM 4 and 4-TR
A
297
12
Q
Describe the biological approach to what causes disordered behavior
A
the genes you inherit from your biological parents predispose, or even destines you to some psychopathologies
13
Q
what are treatments to disordered behavior in regard to genes
A
“knock-out” procedures; limited to disorders with minimal/identifiable genes
14
Q
the structure of the brain
A
if you see over or under activity in one part of the brain, then you can surgically stimulate that part; can surgically alter different parts of the brain
15
Q
what is in the cell body
A
nucleus
16
Q
what speeds up the action potential
A
myelin sheath
17
Q
where are neurotransmitters stored
A
vesicles
18
Q
how do psychological disorders relate to neurotransmitters
A
under/over activity of specific neurotransmitters
19
Q
what does does serotonin levels deal with
A
happiness/depression
20
Q
what happens when there is a dopamine imbalance
A
schizophrenia- parkinsons, repetitive behavior
21
Q
what is acetylcholine deal with
A
memory and muscle function
22
Q
what does epinephrine/norepinephorine deal with
A
fight or flight response
23
Q
what do GABA receptors do
A
inhibitory; when it fires, it tells the next neuron whether or not to fire - helps with anxiety
24
Q
what is an agonist
A
encourages the neurotransmitter activity/production; increase the amount of neurotransmitter
25
what is an antagonist
discourage neurotransmitter activity/production; decreases the amount of neurotransmitter
26
what are the criticisms of agonist and antagonists
patients don't learn coping skills, serious side effects
27
Describe the psychoanalytic approach to what causes disordered behavior
psychopathology is a result of unconscious conflicts between the id, ego, and superego; failure to resolve psychosexual stages successfully
28
what is the goal of the psychoanalytic perspective
develop insight into subconscious processes causing disordered behaviors
29
Describe the therapy associated with the psychoanalytic perspective.
free association: free expression of everything that comes to mind
remember: no coincidental links between thoughts- a sign to unconscious
dream analysis: manifest content, latent content
hypnosis
inkblots
30
what is manifest content
what the dream appears to be about
31
what is latent content
what freud says the dream is unconsciously about
32
what is resistance in regards to psychoanalytic perspective
disordered behavior is due to defense mechanisms
33
what is transference in regards to psychoanalytical perspective
projecting significant feelings onto the therapist
34
what are the criticisms with the psychoanalytic perspective
time-consuming, expensive, underlying processes not supported by science
35
What are the setbacks that can occur in psychoanalytic therapy?
resistance and transference
36
Describe the humanistic approach to what causes disordered behavior
incongruence between self and actual self
37
Describe the therapy associated with the humanistic approach
person-centered approach: emphasis on personal/client understanding of self/problems; empathy, genuineness, unconditional positive regard
38
goal of humanistic perspective
true self actualization, self acceptance
39
Describe the sociocultural model to what causes disordered behavior.
societal/cultural rules, norms, expectations can cause disordered behavior
40
what does it mean that women are internalizing
they turn the negative effects of society inward and it causes depression
41
what does it mean when men are externalizing
they turn negative effects of society and their disorder outward- conduct disorder or substance abuse
42
what type of people are more likely to get schizophrenia according to the sociocultural perspective
low SES, poor people
43
what is taijin kyofusho in Japans sociocultural perspective
In Japan, people face the pathological fear of offending others so they do not leave their homes
44
how does the sociocultural perspective relate to south korea
they have internet addictions and if their sims baby dies, often does their real baby
45
Describe the family systems model to what causes disordered behavior
role of disordered family dynamics in contributing to disordered behaviors; focus on couple/family units
46
what therapy is associated with family systems
therapist observes and provides unique insight to family interactions
47
Describe the cognitive-behavioral model to what causes disordered behavior
Cognitive distortions contribute to psychological dysfunction; Psychological dysfunction can be learned
48
cognitive therapies
treatments designed to remove irrational beliefs and negative thoughts that are presumed to be responsible for psychological disorders
49
What are the goals of cognitive-behavioral
Identify and change automatic, negatively distorted thoughts that the patient has; Learn new desirable, appropriate skills and behaviors
50
what are the strengths of cognitive behavioral therapy
–Shorter course of treatment than psychoanalysis
–Teaches new methods for clients to sustain results on their own
–Empirically supported
51
what are the weaknesses of cognitive behavioral therapy
–Not for people who have severe mental problems or limitations
52
What is group therapy?
People with similar disorders or similar social/situational pressures are treated simultaneously in the same setting
53
What is achieved in group therapy?
* Provides social support
| * Provides opportunity to learn from other
54
What are anxiety disorders?
Disorders characterized by excessive apprehension and worry
55
how much of the population has anxiety disorders
25%
56
Describe Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?
Excessive worrying that can’t be attributed to any single source and lasts for at least 6 months; experience symptoms for at least six months and are so severe that they can be considered maladaptive
57
what sex is GAD most commonly found in
women
58
what is the therapy for GAD
Therapy (Individual or Group)
•Address faulty cognitions, discuss stress
•Learn adaptive ways to navigate through life, handle stress
59
what medications can you take for GAD
Xanax, ativan, lorazepam- GABA agonists, SSRIs
60
Describe panic disorder
–Sudden attack of fear that is unprovoked by specific threat
| –Heart palpitations –Sweating –Chest pain/discomfort –Shortness of breath –Dizziness –Sensation of going crazy or dying
61
when do panic attacks occur
Attacks are recurrent (not single events), unpredictable, followed by psychological or behavioral problems.
62
what is agoraphobia
sometimes accompanies panic disorder; Fear of being in public due to anticipation of a panic attack
63
what are treatments to panic disorder
–Antidepressants (Imipramine – NE, 5-HTP, DA)
–Cognitive restructuring to react differently to panic attacks
–Describe fears related to panic attacks, describe reality of fears
–Extinguish response to shortness of breath
64
what are specific/simple phobias
intense, irrational fear of specific things/ events
65
what happens as a result of specific phobias
increased ANS activity (fight or flight); heart rate, sweating, pupils dilate; avoidance of stimuli
66
what happened in the little albert experiment
conditioned albert to be afraid of white, furry objects and they wanted to try and reverse the fear but his mom said no
67
what are the treatments of specific phobias
–Systematic desensitization – pair feared stimulus repeatedly with not feeling fear.
–Anxiety hierarchy is established
–Deep relaxation
–Work through the anxiety hierarchy
68
what is systematic desensitization
pair feared stimulus repeatedly with not feeling fear.
69
Describe Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD).
obsessions cause anxiety and compulsions relieve those anxieties; may be due to operant conditioning
70
what are obsessions
persistent, uncontrollable thoughts like doubts, fears, and images
71
what are compulsions
need to perform one or more actions repeatedly; often related to an obsession
72
how is OCD treated
- Medication: SSRIs
- Reason through the obsessions
- Extinguish learned behaviors (touch money, don't was hands)
- Counter condition: learn relaxation techniques
73
what is body dysmorphic disorder
a type of OCD where obsessions about body are exaggerated in mind
74
what is trichotillomania
type of OCD that leads to embarrassment; pull out hair on head, eyebrows, and eyelashes
75
what is hoarding
a type of OCD where you collect things and have trouble parting from random junk
76
what is excoriation
a type of OCD where you pick your skin
77
Describe major depressive disorder
must have EITHER: depressed mood most of the day, everyday or markedly diminished pleasure in all/most activities most of the day, nearly everyday FOR AT LEAST 2 WEEKS
78
what are the symptoms of MDD
you must have 4 of the following:
- change in more than 5% body weight
- sleep disturbance, insomnia or hypersomnia
- psychomotor agitation: restlessness or motor retardation
- fatigue or loss of energy
- feelings of worthlessness or guilt
- difficulty concentrating, indecisiveness
- recurrent thoughts of death
79
Describe persistent depressive disorder?
formerly dysthymia; Depressed mood most of the day, for more days than not, for at least two years
80
what are the symptoms of PDD
must have 2; cannot be symptom free for 2 consecutive months
–Appetite change –Insomnia or hypersomnia –Fatigue –Low self-esteem –Difficulty concentrating –Feeling of hopelessness
81
How are depressive disorders treated?
Psychopharmaceuticals
–SSRIs – specific to serotonin
–MAO inhibitors – decrease MAO
–Tricyclics – increase NE, 5-HT, DA
82
what are the side effects for depressive disorder treatments
don't work for everyone; at least 2 weeks to be effective; nervousness, insomnia, sexual dysfunction, and weight gain
83
what are depressive disorders comorbid with
anxiety disorders
84
Describe bipolar disorders.
Bipolar Disorders – formerly a Mood Disorder
–“Manic depressive”
–Mood shifts between depression and mania
–Much less prevalent than Depressive Disorders (4% lifetime prevalence)
–Evenly found between women and men
–Bipolar I, II, and Cyclothymic Disorders
85
what are the symptoms of bipolar disorder in the manic state
–Elevated mood –Grandiosity –Diminished need for sleep –Racing thoughts –Creativity –Initiate many projects –Engaging in pleasurable activities (e.g., shopping,
sex)- –Distractibility –Irritability –Pressured, rapid speech –Irritation/anger when thwarted –Pleasurable activities can have potential for
negative consequences (e.g., overspending, gambling, indiscriminate sex)
86
what does bipolar 1 consist of
mania and major depression
87
what does bipolar 2 consist of
hypomania and major depression
88
what is Cyclothymia
form of bipolar with hypomania and depressive symptoms not at severe as MDD
89
how does the bipolar cycle work
cycle through the depressive episodes (at least 2 weeks) and manic episodes (at least 1 week) and can be separated by lengthy periods of time
90
what causes bipolar disorder
primary biologically based
-MZ concordance is 70%
-DZ concordance is <10%
dysfunctional neurotransmitter activity
91
what are the treatments for mania in bipolar disorder
lithium chloride- may stabilize NE and 5-HT activity
| side effects: weight gain, loss of mania
92
what are the treatments for depression in bipolar disorder
antidepressants- SSRI
93
What is dissociative disorder
Significant memory loss of events, people, identities.
94
what is dissociative amnesia
Memory loss of identity
95
what is dissociative fugue
travel to different location
96
What is dissociative identity disorder (DID)?
Patient alternates among 2+ identities/personalities–aka Multiple Personality Disorder
97
what do DID report that they lose
time
98
What is somatic symptom disorder?
One or more somatic symptoms – medically explained or not – that are distressing or interferes with daily life; symptoms are not faked for attention; chronic concern about health
99
how would you treat somatic symptom disorder
Treatment: cognitive behavioral therapy, talk about the reality of medical symptoms, talk about how realistic their concerns are about their medical disorder
100
what is conversion disorder
Impairment that cannot be medically explained; blindness, hand is numb
101
what is the treatment for conversion disorder
psychoanalytic approach; achieve insight into what was really bothering them to make their symptoms go away… talked about feeling that was converting into blindness
102
what are the positive symptoms to schizophrenia
- Presence of abnormal symptoms ------Hallucinations
- Delusions
- Disorganized behavior
- Disorganized speech
- Referential thinking Catatonia
103
what are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia
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Absence of normal behaviors
Social withdrawal
Disinterest
Decreased speech
Restricted/Flat affect
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104
what is schizophrenia
Psychotic disorder, Means “split mind,” but not DID; Fundamental disturbances in thought processes, emotions, or behaviors
105
how much of the population does schizophrenia affect
1-2%; mostly men and early onset
106
What are delusions?
pervasive false beliefs- persecution and grandeur
107
what is persecution in regards to delusions
you believe people are out to get you
108
what is grandeur in regards to delusions
you believe you are better than everyone else
109
what are the treatments for schizophrenia
biological approaches, dopamine antagonists like antipsychotics work on positive symptoms, second generation drugs, Psychopharmaceuticals work for negative symptoms, and family therapy
110
what are the side effects of antipsychotics
Can lead to permanent psychomotor disturbances (e.g., tardive dyskinesia)
111
what is bulimia nervosa
recurrent episodes on binge eating (eating more than most people in 2 hours and lack of control during that episode), recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain (vomit, laxatives), occurs at least once a week for 3 months
112
symptoms of bulimia nervosa
•Face can look chubby/swollen due to vomiting •Dental enamel erodes away •Electrolyte imbalance •Organ damage •Depressive symptoms, e.g., depressed mood,
irritability, insomnia •Comorbid with anxiety disorders
113
how is bulimia treated
–Educating patient about medical consequences of binge eating, purging, and dieting
–Meals are strict and scheduled frequently
–Cognitions about shape, weight, and eating are targeted
–Strategies to resist bingeing are learned
–Other psychotherapies can also work, slowly
–Family therapy
114
what is anorexia nervosa
•Persistent behavior that interferes with weight gain
–Restricting type: dieting, fasting, exercise
–Binge-eating/purging type: recurrent episodes of binge eating and purging (e.g., self-induced vomiting, laxatives, diuretics, enemas)
115
symptoms of anorexia nervosa
•In women, amenorrhea •Low bone density •Organ damage •Obsessive-compulsive symptoms
–Preoccupied with food, food preparation, recipes
–Rituals regarding eating, hoarding
•Depressive symptoms, e.g., depressed mood, irritability, insomnia
116
how is anorexia treated
–Behaviorist approach: patients gain privileges for gaining weight; privileges taken away for losing weight
–CBT – address the faulty cognitions regarding relying on weight/shape as source of self-esteem
–Family Therapy
•Meals are structured and reinforcing
•Attitudes toward body shape/weight discussed
117
what is the primary goal of anorexia treatment
regain weight
118
What role do token economies play in the treatment of anorexia nervosa?
when being treated in a hospital, one is rewarded for eating with things that wouldn't be useful in the real world but have value in a controlled setting
119
What are personality disorders?
Chronic or enduring patterns of behavior that lead to significant impairments in social functioning
120
What are the symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder?
* Excessive concern with feelings of abandonment
* Suicidal behavior, threats •Self-mutilating behaviors •Marked affective instability •Inappropriate and intense anger •Chronic feelings of emptiness •More common among women than men
121
what is borderline personality disorder
instability of interpersonal relationships; have trouble integrating the good and bad in people
122
What are the symptoms of Antisocial Personality Disorder?
•Disregard for rights of others •Violating rights of others •Failure to obey laws •Lying •Impulsivity •Aggressiveness •Disregard for safety of self or others •Consistent irresponsibility •Lack of remorse
123
what is narcissistic personality disorder
a personality disorder characterized by an exaggerated sense of entitlement, which leads to excessive attempts to attract and be the focus of attention
124
What are antispsychotics?
medications that reduce positive symptoms in schizophrenia
125
what are anti anxiety drugs
medications that reduce tension and anxiety
126
What are antidepressant drugs?
medications that modulate the availability or effectiveness of the neurotransmitters implicated in mood disorders
127
what are hallucinations associated with
your senses, most common are auditory hallucinations and then visual
128
what is comorbidity
presence of more than one diagnosis occurring in an individual at the same time
129
What requirements must be met in order for a behavior to be categorized as “abnormal”?
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statistically abnormal (not common)
Culturally abnormal (weird and concerning)
personally distressing (does it bother you?)
maladaptive (harmful)
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