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Psychology > Psychology Exam 4 > Flashcards

Psychology Exam 4 Flashcards

(108 cards)

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1
Q

Lifespan Development

A

Studies how you change as well as how you remain the same over the course of your life

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2
Q

What domains do developmental psychologists study?

A

Physical, Cognitive, Psychosocial

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3
Q

What is the normative approach to development?

A

Events called developmental milestones

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4
Q

Continuous development

A

Views development as a cumulative process, gradually improving on existing skills

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5
Q

Discontinuous development

A

views development as occurring in unique stages (specific ages or times)

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6
Q

Nature

A

Biology and genetics

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7
Q

Nurture

A

Environment and culture

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8
Q

What are the theories of development

A

Psychosexual theory, psychosocial theory, cognitive theory, Theory o moral development

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9
Q

Psychosexual Theory

A

Sigmund Freud believed that childhood experiences shape our personalities and behavior as adults; development was discontinuous

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10
Q

What are the erogenous zones

A

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital

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11
Q

Erik Erikson

A

Personality development takes places across the lifespan, social interactions affect sense of self

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12
Q

How may stages are in Erikson’s theory

A

8

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13
Q

Trust vs. Mistrust

A

0-1 years old; basic needs will be met

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14
Q

Autonomy vs shame/doubt

A

1-3 years; develop a sense of independence in many tasks

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15
Q

Initiative vs guilt

A

3-6 years old; take initiative on some activates

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16
Q

Industry vs inferiority

A

7-11 years; develop self-confidence in abilities

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17
Q

Identity vs confusion

A

12-18 years; experiment with and develop identity and roles

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18
Q

Intimacy vs isolation

A

19-29 years; establish intimacy and relationship with others

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19
Q

Generativity vs stagnation

A

30-64 years; Contribute to society and be part of a family

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20
Q

Integrity vs despair

A

Assess and make sense of life and meaning

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21
Q

Piaget

A

Focused on cognitive growth and theorized that cognitive abilities develop through specific stages

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22
Q

Assimilation

A

incorporates information into existing schemata

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23
Q

Accommodation

A

Change schemata based on new information

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24
Q

Sensorimotor

A

0-2; World experienced through senses and actions; object permanence and stranger anxiety

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25
Preoperational
2-6; Uses world and images; pretend play, egocentrism, language development
26
Concrete operational
7-11;understanding concrete events and analogies logically
27
Formal operational
12+, formal operations and utilize abstract reasoning; abstract logic and moral reasoning
28
Theory of moral development (Kohlberg)
Pre-conventional morality; Conventional morality; Post-conventional morality
29
Stages of development
Prenatal; Infancy; Adolescence; Emerging Adulthood, Adulthood
30
Placenta
Structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the embryo through the umbilical cord
31
Prenatal Development
Fetal stage, the baby's brain develops and the body adds size and weight
32
Prenatal influences
Teratogen, Alcohol, Smoking, Drugs
33
Teratogen
any environmental agent that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus
34
Alcohol
Can cause fetal-alcohol syndrome
35
Smoking
premature birth, low-birth weight, stillbirth, sudden infant death syndrome
36
Drugs
Heroine, cocaine, methamphetamine
37
Fetal-alcohol syndrome
Small head, abnormal facial features, poor judgement, poor impulse, higher ADHD, learning issues, lower IQ
38
New born reflexes
inborn automatic responses to particular form of stimulation
39
Rooting reflex
Baby turns its head toward something that touching its cheek
40
sucking reflex
Suck on objects placed by the mouth
41
Grasping reflex
cling to objects placed in hands
42
Moro reflex
spreads arms and pulls back when feeling like falling
43
Blooming period
neural pathways form thousands of new connections during infancy and toddlerhood
44
Pruning period
neural connections are reduced during childhood and adolescence to allow the brain to function more efficiently
45
Motor skills
ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects
46
Fine motor skills
focus on the muscles in our fingers, toes, and eyes, focus on coordination of small actions
47
Gross motor skills
Focus on large muscle groups that control arms and legs and involve larger movements
48
Baillargeon
infants understand objects and how they work
49
Attachment
long-standing connection or bond with others
50
Harlow
baby monkeys choose cloth surrogate mother
51
What are the 4 styles of attachment
Secure, Avoidant, Resistant, Disorganized
52
Secure
Child uses parent as secure base
53
Avoidant
Unresponsive to parent, negligent parenting
54
Resistant
Show clingy behavior but reject mother; inconsistent
55
Disorganized
Show odd behavior; abusive
56
Self-concept
development of positive sense of self
57
What are the parenting styles?
Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive, Uninvolved
58
Temperament
innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment
59
Easy temperament
Positive emotions, adapt well to change
60
Difficult temperament
negative emotion, difficulty adapting to change and regulating emotions
61
Adrenarche
maturing of the adrenal glands
62
Gonadarche
maturing of the sex glands
63
Menarche
Beginning of menstrual periods
64
Spermarche
first ejaculation
65
Frontal lobe
responsible for judgement, impulse control, and planning
66
Crystalized intelligence
intelligence improves or remains steady
67
Fluid intelligence
intelligence begins to decline
68
What are the 5 stages of grief?
Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance
69
Personality
the long standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways
70
Choleric
yellow bile from the liver; passionate ambitious, and bold
71
Melancholic
Black bile from the kidneys; reserved, anxious, and unhappy
72
Sanguine
red blood from the heart; joyful, eager, and optimistic
73
Phlegmatic
white phlegm from the lungs; calm, reliable, and thoughtful
74
Franz Gall
Proposed distances in the bumps on the skull reveal a person's personality
75
Immanuel Kant
individuals could be categorized into one of the four temperaments
76
William Wundt
Personality could be separated between emotional/non-emotional and changeable/unchangeable
77
Psychodynamic Perspective: Sigmund Freud
Unconscious drives influenced by sex, aggression and childhood sexuality influence personality
78
Psychodynamic Perspective:Neofreudians
Neo-Freudians have less emphasis on sex
79
Unconscious
mental activity that we are unaware of
80
Freudian slip
slips of the tongue that are sexual/aggressive urges accidently slipping out of our conscious
81
Id
contains primitive urges; operates on the "pleasure principle"
82
Superego
Develops through interactions with others; strives for perfection; moral compass
83
Ego (Self)
rational; balances id and superego; operates on the "reality principle"
84
Neurosis
tendency to experience negative emotions
85
Inferiority complex
a person's feeling that they lack worth and don't measure up to the standards of others or of society
86
Reciprocal Determinism
cognitive processes, behavior, and context all interact
87
Observational learning
learning by observing someone's behavior and it's consequences
88
Self-efficacy
level of confidence in our own abilities, developed through social experiences
89
Locus of control
beliefs about the power we have over our lives
90
Internal locus
outcomes are direct result of actions
91
External locus
outcomes are outside of our control
92
Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart
Found that identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities
93
Endomorphs
relaxed, comfortable, good-humored, even-tempered
94
Mesomorphs
adventurous, self-conscious, artistic, thoughful
95
Ectomorphs
Anxious, self-conscious, artistic
96
Cardinal traits
dominates entire personality
97
Central traits
makes up our personality
98
Secondary traits
less obvious or consistent, present under certain circumstances
99
High in extroversion
Sociable, outgoing
100
High in introversion
high need to be alone, engage in solitary behaviors
101
High in neuroticism
anxious, overactive sympathetic nervous system
102
High in stability
more emotionally stable
103
OCEAN
O- openness C - Conscientiousness E - extroversion A - agreeableness N - neuroticism
104
HEXACO
H - Honesty-humility E - Emotionality X - Extraversion A - Agreeableness C - Conscientiousness O - Openness
105
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Scored on 10 scales
106
Rorschach Inkblot test
Individual interprets a series of symmetrical inkblot cards
107
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
individual tells a story about 8-12 ambiguous cards, giving insight into social world
108
Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (RISB)
Complete 40 incomplete sentences as quickly as possible

Psychology (1 decks)

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