Psychology Exam Term 2 2022 Deck Flashcards
(33 cards)
Types of development (Lifespan)
Physical Development – changes in the brain and systems of the body.
Social Development – changes in relationships with others and skills in interacting, including online and with technology.
Cognitive Development – changes in mental abilities such as learning, memory and problem solving.
Emotional Development – changes in how one feels and expresses feelings, including the recognition of emotion in others.
Nature
is what we think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors.
Nurture
is generally taken as the influence of external factors after conception, e.g., the product of exposure, life experiences and learning on an individual.
Assimilation:
The process of taking new information and fitting it into existing schemas.
We use assimilation to make sense of new information based upon old information.
Accommodation
: Sometimes we cannot assimilate new information into an existing schema.
It will not fit in, and we cannot change the information in any way to link it to what we already know.
In this case, we are forced to change our schemata to accommodate the new information.
Vygotsky’s Theory
The Zone Proximal Developmental compares the abilities of a child when working independently to what they are able to do when supervised and assisted by an adult or more capable peers.
Erikson Theory
Erikson believes that social development occurs through a combination of the effects of psychological processes which take place within individuals and the experiences of individuals during their life time.
Erikson believed that it is necessary to experience each crisis before proceeding to the next stage.
• 3 elements of emotion
physiological, subjective, expressive.
• Facial Expression
sadness, disgust, surprise, joy, anger, fear.
Eysenck Personality Theory-
According to Eysenck our personality is innate and has a biological basis. There is a personality type known as the criminal personality. Individuals with a criminal personality will score highly on measures of extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism.
Freud Personality Theory-
the Id, Super-Ego and Ego are the divisions of the psyche according to Freud’s “structural theory“ of personality.
Freud thought these terms offered a more compelling description of the dynamic relationship between the conscious and the unconscious.
The “id” (fully un-conscious) contains the drives and those things repressed by consciousness; the “super ego” (partly conscious) is the conscience or the internal moral judge; and the “ego” (conscious) deals with our conscious external reality.
Schachter – Two Factor Theory-
Physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation occur simultaneously to produce the emotional experience
Stage 1: The Sensorimotor Stage
Occurs between birth and 2 years old.
Infants begin to understand the world by combining sensory experiences (vision, touch etc) with motor (movement) abilities.
Before infants develop Object Permanence, out of sight is literally out of mind. An infant will follow an object with his eyes, but stop when it is hidden.
Stage 2: The Pre-Operational Stage
Occurs between 2 and 7 years old
Children become able to accommodate and assimilate information into their schemata.
An important development of this stage is Symbolic Thinking
Symbolic Thinking is the ability to use symbols such as words and pictures to represent objects, places and events.
Piaget believed that children are unable to see things from another person’s perspective. This is called Egocentrism.
Stage 3: The Concrete Operational Stage
Occurs between 7 and 12 years old.
The thinking of concrete operational children revolves around what they know and what they can experience through their senses – what is Concrete.
A key cognitive accomplishment for a child in the concrete operational stage is understanding Conservation.
Conservation refers to the idea that an object does not change it’s weight, mass, volume or area when it changes shape or appearance.
By the end of this stage, children will have learned to view the world more accurately. They begin to think logically about concrete objects and can create mental pictures of objects and processes.
They begin to move towards abstract thinking.
Stage 4: The Formal Operational Stage
Occurs from 12 years of age onwards.
More complex thought processes become evident and thinking becomes increasingly sophisticated.
A key cognitive accomplishment in the Formal Operational Stage is Abstract Thinking.
Abstract Thinking is a way of thinking that does not rely on being able to see or visualise things in order to understand concepts (Algebra, Physics, Honesty, Morality)
Logical Thinking is the ability to develop plans to solve problems, develop hypotheses and systematically test solutions.
Scaffolding
Scaffolding refers to help or guidance from the More Knowledgeable Other given to assist the learner when working in their ZPD.
• Delphi Technique
Delphi technique refers to a process where organizations collect information from experts using several rounds of questions. It’s a systematic and qualitative method that relies on experts to forecast the future outcome where they are much knowledgeable about.
dependent and independent variable
A dependent variable is the variable being tested in a scientific experiment. The dependent variable is “dependent” on the independent variable. As the experimenter changes the independent variable, the change in the dependent variable is observed and recorded.
quantitative and qualitative data?
Quantitative research is a numerical and statistical analysis of statistical and numerical data (numbers and statistics). On the other hand, qualitative research deals with open-ended and non-numerical data (concepts, descriptions, meanings, words, and more).
subjective and objective data
The subjective and objective methods of data collection are two prominent ones used to determine the type of data collected and the assumptions. While the former is related to verbal expression of thought and the declarations to follow, the latter is related to verifiable, solid fact.
• What is Emotion?
Emotions are reactions that human beings experience in response to events or situations. The type of emotion a person experiences is determined by the circumstance that triggers the emotion.
Canon Bard Theory-
Cannon-Bard Theory declares that the experience of emotion does not merely rely on bodily inputs and how the body responds to stimuli. Both of these occur at the same time autonomously. People recognize the emotions and simultaneously undergo physiological responses such as perspiring, trembling and tensing of muscles.
James Lange Theory-
The James-Lange theory proposes that you will interpret your physical reactions and conclude that you are frightened (“I am trembling. Therefore I am afraid.”)
