Psychology - Explanations of attachments Flashcards

(41 cards)

1
Q

What are the behaviors that suggest people have an attachment, and who said this/when?

A
Maccoby (1980)
Seeking proximity
Distress on separation
Joy on reunion
General orientation of behavior towards other person
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2
Q

Lorenz (year)

A

1935

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3
Q

Lorenz (findings)

A

Goslings will imprint - form a rapid attachment to the first large moving object seen after birth
Critical period in geese is 32 hours - after this no attachment formed

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4
Q

Lorenz (method)

A

Divided fertile geese eggs - one group saw mother after hatching the other saw him
Short time after hatching he put the geese together and they went immediately split into 2 groups and went to their ‘mother’

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5
Q

Klaus and Kennell (year)

A

1976

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6
Q

Klaus and Kennell (experiment)

A

Followed 2 groups of young mothers in North America from the birth of their children until 1 year of age
Control group had routine contact
Experimental group had extended skin-to-skin contact

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7
Q

Klaus and Kennell (findings and conclusion)

A

Extended contact mothers showed more soothing behaviors like cuddling, and maintained closer proximity to their babies
These behaviours suggested a closer bond between mother and baby
Indicated there may be a sensitive period

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8
Q

Sensitive period

A

Period of time shortly after birth that may be important for bonding to take place

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9
Q

Schaffer and Emerson (year)

A

1964

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10
Q

Schaffer and Emerson (experiment)

A
Looked at development of attachments in 60 babies in Glasgow born to working class families
Considered two types of behaviour: stranger distress, separation anxiety
Used variety of methods like interviewing mothers about babies response upon separation and observation of if baby reacted when they approached to collect data
Asked mothers to rate baby's behaviour using a 4-point scale from 'no protest shown' (0) to 'cries loudly every time' (3) on seperation
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11
Q

Schaffer and Emerson (results - When attachment takes place)

A

Stages loosely linked with age
6-8 months babies start to show separation anxiety to indicate attachment
Stranger distress seemed to follow 1 month later
Most went on to form multiple attachments with people they saw regularly

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12
Q

Schaffer and Emerson (results - who they attach to first)

A

65% was with mother
3% with fathers
27% joint mother and father
In 40% of attachments the person who cared for the child is not the first attachment

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13
Q

Stage and age in development of attachements

A
Asocial (0-6 weeks)
Indiscriminate attachments (6 weeks to 6 months)
Specific attachments (7 months)
Multiple attachments (10/11 months onwards)
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14
Q

Asocial stage

A
0-6 weeks
Don't prefer specific people
Bias towards human like stimuli 
Prefer to look at faces and eyes
Learn to discriminate familiar people from unfamiliar people by their smell and voice
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15
Q

Indiscriminate attachments

A

6 weeks-6 months
Babies more sociable
Can tell people apart
No fear of stranger yet

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16
Q

Stage of developments of attachments (acronym)

A

Any
Island
Sinks
Muchly

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17
Q

Specific attachments

A

7 months onwards
Begins to show separation anxiety
Stranger distress shown

18
Q

Multiple attachments

A

10/11 months onwards
Follow soon after first attachment is made
Shows attachment behaviours to several different people like siblings and parents

19
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Skinner
Any behaviour that produces a reward will be repeated (positve reinforcement)
Behaviours that stop something unpleasant will be repeated (negative reinforcement)

20
Q

How can oparent conditioning be applied to attachments?

A

Newborn baby will cry if hungry or cold
Sound of baby crying is uncomfortable to caregiver so they go to baby
Positive reinforcement for baby
Negative reinforcement for carer
Forms a system where baby cries when it needs something to make carer come to it

21
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Pavlov
Learning through association
Unconditioned stimulus - unconditioned response
Conditioned stimulus - conditioned response

22
Q

How can classical conditioning be applied to attachments?

A

Milk (unconditioned stimulus) causes pleasure (unconditioned response) in baby
The carer who provides the milk becomes associated (conditioned stimulus)
Over time the carer cause pleasure milk would (conditioned response)

23
Q

Studies against feeding being key in formation of attachments - why

A

Harlow and Zimmerman - Monkeys
Schaffer and Emerson - 39% of attachments not mother
Bowlby - evolutionary

24
Q

Harlow and Harlow (year)

A

1958
8 monkeys raised in isolation
Surrogate mothers- cloth one and wire/food one
Scared them to see if they attached to a surrogate
Cloth one

25
Social learning explanation
Hay and Vespo (1988) Parents act as role models Give direct instruction on how to reciprocate affection - "give me a kiss goodbye" Social facilitation - help child carry out attachment behaviours like playing with siblings
26
Who came up with a evolutionary theory of attachment?
Bowlby
27
Bolwby
Came up with ASCMI | Argues attachment was an innate mechanism to ensure the survival of the child
28
What does ASCMI stand for?
``` Adaptive advantage Social releases Critical period Monotropy Internal working model ```
29
What did Bowlby's theory overlook?
Attachment to father and siblings
30
The continuity hypothesis
Supports Bowlby's theory
31
Internal working model
A template for future relationships | Including a model for how you and other people should behave
32
Who did research into the continuity hypothesis and when?
Hazan and Shaver | 1987
33
Hazan and Shaver
Set out to see if adult romantic relationships are affected by attachment as a child Used a 'Love quiz' in North American paper
34
What Hazan and Shaver asked participants to report about
Which 3 descriptions best applied to their feelings/experiences about romantic relationships: uncomfortable about being close to others, find it relatively easy to get close to others, find others are reluctant to get as close as you would like Simple adjective checklist to describe childhood relationship with parents
35
Hazan and Shiver (results)
Found a strong relationship between childhood attachment Secure - expressed a belief in lasting love and trusted others Insecure avoidant - More doubtful in existence of love, felt you didn't need a happy relationship to enjoy life Insecure ambivalent - Fell in love easily, but rarely found 'true love'. Felt insecurity and self-doubt in love
36
Who did Hazan and Shiver use as participants?
Two groups: 1) 215 men, 415 women selected from responses from paper ad 2) 108 university undergraduate students at their university
37
Support for Bowlby's internal working model
Haven and Shaver 1987
38
Support against Bowlby's internal working model
Zimmerman 2000
39
Zimmerman (general/conclusion)
2000 Looked at 44 children's attachment types when 12-18 months then at 16 years In Germany Recorded life events like parental divorce or death Found that child attachment type isn't a good predictor of attachment type as adolescent
40
Zimmerman (how observed at 2 ages)
12-18 months: looked at separation behaviour and response to strangers 16 years: interviews focused on relationship with their parents
41
Evidence against Bowlby's monotropy
Schaffer and Emerson's Glasgow baby study (1964) Common for babies to develop multiple attachments Strongest bond wasn't always with mother