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Psychology > Psychology: Learning and Memory > Flashcards

Psychology: Learning and Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Worked with classical conditioning

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2
Q

classical conditioning

A

Association between neutral stimulus and unconditional stimulus

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3
Q

aquisition

A

How long it takes and organism to learn association between NS and UCS

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4
Q

generalization

A

Responding to similar stimuli

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5
Q

discrimination

A

Not responding so similar stimuli

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6
Q

extinction

A

Unlearning of or lack of learned response

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7
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

Revival of an extinguished response

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8
Q

John Watson

A

Brought classical conditioning to the U.S. Worked with baby Albert

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9
Q

flooding

A

Forcing someone to directly face his/her fears

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10
Q

systematic desensitization

A

A person is taught relaxation techniques and then gradually faced with what they are afraid of

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11
Q

counterconditioning

A

Associates fear with pleasant feelings to face it

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12
Q

operant conditioning

A

the consequences of behavior operate or produce effects on the environment

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13
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

Created theory of operant conditioning

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14
Q

positive reinforcement

A

Increases behavior by introducing something good

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15
Q

negative reinforcement

A

Increases behavior by taking away something bad

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16
Q

punishment

A

Decreases behavior by introducing something unwanted

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17
Q

fixed ratio

A

A fixed number of target responses must be completed before a reward is gained

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18
Q

variable ratio

A

The number of target behaviors for reward keeps changing

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19
Q

fixed interval

A

The first target response completed after a fixed interval of time is rewarded

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20
Q

variable interval

A

The length of interval for reward changes after time

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21
Q

shaping

A

Reinforcing small increments of behavior

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22
Q

chaining

A

When small behaviors are linked together

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23
Q

learned helplessness

A

A decrease in responding that occurs after exposure to uncontrollable negative events

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24
Q

social cognitive learning

A

Learning can occur by thinking about situations or by observing others

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25
Q

E.C. Tolman

A

First psychologist to report social cognitive learning

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26
Q

latent learning

A

Learning that appears not to have been retained at the time of conditioning but it is displayed at a later time

27
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Developed observational learning theory

28
Q

observational learnind

A

learning by watching others

29
Q

memory

A

The process by which we are able to retain and retrieve information and the structures that allow us to do it

30
Q

Information Processing Model

A

Views humans as computers that encode, store, and retrieve information

31
Q

sensory memory

A

sensory register

32
Q

visual stimuli

A

Last one-tenth of a second, make up iconic memory

33
Q

auditory stimuli

A

Last for 3-4 seconds, make up echoic memory

34
Q

short-term memory

A

Also called working memory, limited capacity

35
Q

chunking

A

Process by which we group similar information into meaningful units

36
Q

long-term memory

A

Permanent part of memory, unlimited capacity

37
Q

engrams

A

Information stored in long-term memory

38
Q

shallow/surface/maintenance processing

A

Memorizing, not very effective

39
Q

deep/elaborative processing

A

Connecting new information with already learned information or with devices that allow information to be retrieved from memory more easily

40
Q

serial position effect

A

Memorizing at the beginning of a list (primary effect) and words at the end of the list (recency effect) better than words in the middle of the list

41
Q

episodic

A

Memories of personally experienced events

42
Q

semantic

A

Memories of general factual knowledge

43
Q

procedural

A

Memories of how to do something

44
Q

explicit/declaritve

A

memories of which we are consciously aware of

45
Q

implicit/non-declaritive

A

Memories of which we are not consciously aware of

46
Q

flashbulb

A

Memories that surround big events and bring out a multitude of other memories

47
Q

mnemonics

A

Devices that allow memory to be retrieved more easily

48
Q

retrieval

A

The process of obtaining information from memory

49
Q

state dependent

A

The need to be in the same state as information was input to retrieve information

50
Q

context

A

The need to be in the same place as information was learned to remember learned information

51
Q

reconstruction

A

The process of filling in the gaps of memory

52
Q

eyewitness accounts

A

What and how a witness is questioned can bias results

53
Q

Elizabeth Loftus

A

Main researcher of eyewitness accounts

54
Q

forgetting

A

The inability to retrieve information from memory

55
Q

interference

A

Old information and new information conflict eachother

56
Q

proactive

A

Old information interferes with new information

57
Q

retroactive

A

New information interferes with old information

58
Q

tip of the tongue syndrome

A

Stress builds a mental black that prevents retrieval for a period of time

59
Q

childhood amnesia

A

Memories are not formed until about the age of three

60
Q

repression

A

Memories are pushed into subconscious

61
Q

frontal lobes

A

Involved in short term memory tasks

62
Q

temporal lobes

A

Involved in the encoding of words and pictures

63
Q

cerebellum

A

Involved in the formation and retention of classically conditioned responses

64
Q

hippocampus

A

Involved in formation of long-term memory

Psychology (3 decks)

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