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Psychology Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

What is null-hypothesis significance testing?

A

the probability that the data would be the same even if there is no relationship between the variables

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2
Q

What is a type 2 error?

A

it is the failure to show a relationship between variables

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3
Q

What is a type 1 error?

A

it it finding a relationship between two variables when there isn’t one

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4
Q

What is scientific theory?

A

it is the comprehensive framework for making sense of evidence regarding a particular phenomenon

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5
Q

What does falsifiable mean?

A

Falsifiable means it can validate or invalidate a hypothesis by determining if it is provable

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6
Q

What does induction mean?

A

Induction means going from a general to a specific observation

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7
Q

What does deduction mean?

A

Deduction means going from a specific to a general observation

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8
Q

What is structuralism?

A

It is the study of what the mind is

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9
Q

what is functionalism?

A

It is the study of what the mind does

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10
Q

Why is variation important?

A

Variation is important for data to understand and validate it

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11
Q

What is a random sample?

A

An individual has an equal chance of being selected

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12
Q

What is a margin of error?

A

It is the expected amount of random variation

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13
Q

What are the problems with non random samples?

A

They are suspect to bias, over/under representation

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14
Q

What is an operational definition?

A

It is a way to specifically measure a certain concept

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15
Q

What does research in psychology rely on?

A

Research relies on correlation and experiment

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16
Q

What is a double-blind experiment?

A

The participant or the experiment know the condition

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17
Q

What is a correlation design?

A

Passive observation, no intervention, two variables

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18
Q

What does weak correlation mean?

A

There are many exceptions

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19
Q

What does strong correlation mean?

A

There are few or no exceptions

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20
Q

What is the most important thing for correlation?

A

Correlation does not equal causation

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21
Q

What is participation observation?

A

Experimenter being involved in group to study them

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22
Q

What is internal validity?

A

Cause and effect between two variables is unambiguously established

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23
Q

What is external validity?

A

Does the information found apply to settings other than in the experiment

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24
Q

What is reliability?

A

How well will the same results be reached if preformed again

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25
What is ecological validity?
How well will the lab findings extend to real world situations (tighter the conditions=less likely)
26
What are behavioural genetics?
It is the science of how genes and environments work together to influence behaviour
27
What are quantitive genetics?
Similarities among individuals are analyzed based on how biologically related they are
28
What are heritability coefficients?
Measure how strongly differences are related to actual differences in genes
29
What is a genotype?
Combination of genes
30
What is a phenotype?
Specific observable traits
31
What are alleles?
Different copies of genes
32
What is a unipolar neuron?
They are ideal for relaying information as they have axons but no dendrites
33
What is a bipolar neuron?
Used for sensory perception as they have one axon and one dendrite
34
What are multipolar neurons?
Communicate sensory and motor purposes as they have one axon and many dendrite
35
What forms the myelin sheath?
Gila cells
36
What are hormones?
Organic chemical messengers released by endocrine glands
37
What is resting potential?
Inside is slightly more negative than the outside, this is what a neuron remains at unless excited, -70mV
38
What is sensation?
Sensation is the physical process of organs responding to external stimuli
39
What is perception?
Perception is the psychological process of making sense of the stimulus
40
What is transduction?
conversion of one form of energy to another
41
What is signal detection?
Sensory organs need a certain amount of stimulation to detect stimulus (absolute threshold)
42
What is weber's law?
Bigger stimuli require larger differences to be noticed
43
What is bottom up processing?
Building up experiments by using individual parts
44
What is top down processing?
Past stimuli experiences influence processing new ones
45
What is sensory adaptation?
Constant unchanging stimuli receptors stop responding
46
What is amplitude?
It is the loudness and intensity of the stimulus
47
What is frequency?
Pitch of the stimulus
48
What is the main process of stimulus to brain for hearing?
Sound waves funnel through pinna-auditory canal-tympanic membrane-vibrate against ossicles-cochlea-thalamus-primary auditory cortex
49
What does the inner ear do?
The inner ear is involved with balance and spacial awareness
50
what does the brain stem do?
Basic function: breathing, heart rate, digestion
51
What are the parts of the brain stem?
medulla, pons, mid brain and diencephalon
52
What does the cerebellum do?
controls motor movement, coordination, balance, muscle tone
53
Where is the cerebellum located?
Back of the brain
54
What do the cerebral hemispheres do?
Responsible for cognitive abilities and conscious experience
55
What is the cerebral cortex?
Outermost grey matter of the cerebrum
56
What are the parts of the cerebral cortex?
basal ganglia, amygdala, and hippocampus
57
What is the purpose of the occipital lobe?
Primary for vision
58
What is the purpose of the temporal lobe?
Primary for auditory processing, memory and and Multisensory integration
59
What is the purpose of the parietal lobe?
Primary for body sensations, visual attention, multi sensory convergence zones
60
What is the purpose of the frontal lobe?
Language, judgement, planning and decision making
61
What does the basal ganglia do?
Involved with voluntary movement
62
What does the amygdala and hippocampi do?
Involved with learning and emotion
63
What does contralateral mean?
two brain hemispheres process for opposite side of the body
64
What does it mean to be split brain?
Most or all of the bridge between the two hemispheres is severed
65
One example of brain function in split brain?
object placed on either side will only be processed by one side of the brain, seen through opposite eye
66
What is grey matter?
composes cortex of cerebrum, cell bodies of neurons
67
What is white matter?
the axons of nerves cells, white because of myelination
68
What is converging evidence?
similar findings reported from multiple studies using different methods
69
What is spatial resolution?
how small the elements of an image are, how small of a structure can be imaged
70
What is temporal resolution?
how small a unit of time can be measured, how precisely in time a process can be measured
71
What is a PET?
Measures brain activity by recording blood flow in the brain
72
What is a MRI?
Measures brain activity by measuring oxygen levels in blood
73
What is an EEG?
Measures electrical brain activity via electrodes on the scalp
74
What is a DOI?
measures brain activity with changes in light as it passes through surface of brain
75
What is perceptual learning?
aspects of our perception changes as a function of experience
76
What is implicit learning?
aquiring information without intent
77
What is implicit memory?
long term memory that does not require conscious thought to encode
78
What is non associative learning?
Single repeated exposure leads to a change in behaviour
79
What is classical conditioning?
stimulus to stimulus réponse learning
80
What is the intent of classical conditioning?
behaviour warranted by the second stimulus will eventually be warranted by the first
81
What is the unconditioned stimulus?
stimulus that elicits response before conditioning occurs
82
What is the unconditioned response?
innate response that is elicited by stimulus before conditioning occurs
83
What is the conditioned response?
stimulus that elicits response after classical conditioning
84
What is operant conditioning?
stimulus to response
85
What is the intent of operant conditioning?
behaviour is associated with occurrence
86
what is a reinforcer?
consequence of behaviour that strengthens behaviour or increase likelihood
87
what is a punisher?
effects that decrease the likelihood that the behaviour will be repeated again
88
What is positive reinforcement?
perform action and receive reward or feedback to encourage behaviour
89
What is negative reinforcement?
perform action and receive consequence to discourage behaviour
90
What is the purpose of psychoactive drugs?
Can either increase or decrease activity at the synapse of the neuron
91
What is an agonist?
A drug that increases or enhances a neurotransmitters effect
92
What is an antagonist?
A drug that blocks a neurotransmitters effect

Psychology (10 decks)

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