Psychology Midterm (2) - Chapter 5.3

Question 1

Binaural Cues

Answer 1

Ques to hear where the sound is coming from

Question 2

Binaural Cue: Interaural time difference

Answer 2

Time of arrival: Ear which is closer to sound receives sound wave first and then the other ear receives it second, the brain pays attention to the time difference

Question 3

Binaural Cue: Interaural level differences

Answer 3

Ear closer to the sound perceives it as louder.

As the sound travels through flesh and bones it becomes less loud.

The brain monitors the differences

Question 4

Cutaneous senses and Mechanoreceptors

Answer 4

Humans feel more than touch with our skin, receptors in the skin which allows us to sense different kinds of pleasure

Question 5

Merkel Receptor

Answer 5

Found in the top layer of the skin, Pressure touch: these receptors fire when a person holds your hand

Question 6

Meissner Receptor

Answer 6

Found in the top layer, Pressure touch: Receptors that fire when a person lets go of your hand

Question 7

Ruffini cylinder

Answer 7

Stretching of the skin

Question 8

Pacinian corpuscle

Answer 8

Vibration & Texture

Question 9

Importance of touch

Answer 9

Essential for physical and mental well-being

Question 10

Nociceptors

Answer 10

Sensory receptors which allow us to feel pain found all over the body

Question 11

Why is Pain essential?

Answer 11

It is essential for survival

Question 12

Pains complexity

Answer 12

How much pain we feel does not depend on the number of tissue damages, there are other factors: emotions, motivations, beliefs, culture

Question 13

Pain: Gate-Control Theory

Answer 13

Explains the complexity of pain, according to the theory: we have a neurological gate

Question 14

Pain: Neurological gate

Answer 14

The door to the neurological system determines if we feel pain, and how much

Question 15

Neurological gate: Small nerve fibers (S-fibers)

Answer 15

When activated it opens the door and we feel pain: They carry pain information

Question 16

Neurological gate: Large nerve fibres (L-fibers)

Answer 16

When activated the gate is partially closed or closed and we feel little to no pain: Carry information other than pain

Question 17

Neurological Gate: T-cells

Answer 17

Must be activated for the gate to open.

They are between the gate and the fibres.

Small nerve fibres activate them and we feel the pain.

Question 18

Factors which open neurological gate:

Answer 18

Ex: Pinprick, Activates Small Fibres, Activate T cells, Gate opens, we feel pain

Question 19

Factors which close neurological gate:

Answer 19

Ex: Ice packs, Activates Long Fibers, Prevents T cells, Gate closes, pain is blocked or reduced

Question 20

Stimulation in the brain

Answer 20

When you stimulate an area of the brain, the door will close and will not feel pain

Question 21

Stimulation: Beliefs

Answer 21

Open or closes the gate

Ex: Placebo effect:

Question 22

Stimulation: Stress

Answer 22

Opens and closes the gate

Ex: fight or flight response, the main goal of the body is to survive

Question 23

Other Factors which influence pain:

Answer 23

Emotions: When we have positive emotions tend to experience less pain

Self-confidence: Even if we have the same amount of tissue damages, we feel less pain

Culture: can affect how much pain we feel

Question 24

Another word for Smell

Answer 24

Olfaction

Question 25

Smell: Chemical sense

Answer 25

Stimulation comes from ordure molecules released by humans, animals, and objects. In order to smell something, the ordure molecule must enter our nasal cavities and must reach our olfactory receptors

Question 26

Smell: Olfactory receptors

Answer 26

Sensory receptors for the sense of smell, fixed firmly in the olfactory epithelium

Question 27

Smell: Olfactory epithelium

Answer 27

Membrane filled with mucus

Question 28

Smell: Glomeruli cells

Answer 28

Cells which receive signals from the Olfactory receptor neurons. There are less than 300 types Ex: Temporal lobes, Limbic system

Question 29

Smell: Humans ability to detect

Answer 29

Researchers believed we can only detect 10000 odours, however, Humans can detect over 1 trillion odours

Question 30

Smell: How can humans detect trillions of odours with only less than 300 types?

Answer 30

Different odour molecules activate a different combination of different types of receptors Fictonal example: random addition calculations which are less than 300

Question 31

Olfactory: Regeneration

Answer 31

Olfactory receptors generate. They are easily vulnerable

Question 32

Smell: Emotions & memories

Answer 32

There is a strong connection between smell, emotion and memories

Question 33

Taste or Gustation: Importance

Answer 33

Sense of taste was essential for the survival of Ancestors

Question 34

Taste: Chemical sense

Answer 34

Stimulation comes from molecules found in foods and beverages we consume

Question 35

In order for us to taste

Answer 35

Food must dissolve in our saliva and come in contact with gustatory cells

Question 36

Gustatory cells

Answer 36

Found inside taste buds

Question 37

Papillae

Answer 37

Found inside taste buds Bumps of the tongue. They're are 4 types of Papillae

Question 38

Filiform Papillae

Answer 38

The entire surface of the tongue which gives a fuzzy appearance. It does not contain taste buds

Question 39

Fungiform Papillae

Answer 39

Found at tip and sides of the tongue

Question 40

Foliate Pappilae

Answer 40

Found along the back of tongue

Question 41

Circumvallate Papillae

Answer 41

At back of tongue and are shaped like little mounds

Question 42

Taste: 4 Basics

Answer 42

Salty, sour, sweet, bitter

Question 43

5th Umami

Answer 43

5th taste sensation (means yummy), associated with foods that are rich with protein

Question 44

6th Fat?

Answer 44

Research suggest that the 6th taste sensation is a fat

Question 45

Taste: Regeneration

Answer 45

Takes a week to regenerate, we loss 1/2 taste buds after age of 20

Question 46

Taste: Sensory interaction Researchers input with taste and olfactory receptors

Answer 46

Senses which affect and interact with each each other. Research says: without sense of smell we cannot tell the difference between the taste of foods. They also suggest that olfactory receptors are found in the tongue

Question 47

Bimodal neurons and where they are located?

Answer 47

Neurons which respond to more than one sense, they are located at the Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)

Question 48

Body Position & Movement

Answer 48

senses which connect us to the external world

Question 49

Body Position & Movement: Kinesthesis

Answer 49

Allows us to know where our bodies are in space and sense the movement of our bodies Particularly the movement, of arms, legs, feet and figures Lets us know if our body parts are moving, how fast? What position?

Question 50

Body Postion & Movement: Vestibular sense

Answer 50

Proprioceptors, found all over the body, in muscles, tendencies and ligaments They are also known as our sense of balance

Question 51

Vestibular sense: 2 organs linked and associated with our sense of balance

Answer 51

Semicircular canals: sense changes in acceleration and rotation of the head Vestibular sacs: respond to cues with a sense of balance and posture These are found in our inner ear

Question 52

Vestibular sense: David lee's experiment

Answer 52

Our vestibular sense is integrated with our sense of vision

Question 53

Cochelea

Answer 53

sensory receptors for our vestibular sense is located