Psychology Principles Flashcards
(137 cards)
1
Q
Uncovering the general laws of learning that explain behaviors particularly observable behavior is the goal of which perspective
A
Behaviorism
2
Q
Which individual is often credited with establishing the first psychological lab as an experimental science
A
Wilhelm Wundt
3
Q
The cognitive perspective use of the computer as a model for the mind is based on the idea that;
A
Thinking is a form of information processing
4
Q
During an action potential the electrical charge inside the neuron is ———— the electrical charge outside the neuron
A
Positive compared to
5
Q
The main excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system that plays a role in the relay of sensory information and learning is
A
Glutamate
6
Q
The membrane of a neuron at rest is ————
A
Polarized. The inside of the cell membrane has a negative electrical charge while the fluids outside the cell membrane has a positive electrical charge
7
Q
Excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials are:
A
Cumulative
8
Q
Dopamine effects good / and bad
A
Mood, thought and emotions
Sleep
Learning
Bad- schizophrenia and parkinsons
9
Q
What does Acetylcholine effect: Good & bad
A
Movement- Muscle action, Memory
Alzheimer’s
10
Q
Norepinephrine neurotransmitter does what ? Good ‘ Bad
A
Mood - Alertness, heart and intestines increased arousal suppressed appetite
Too much Depression
11
Q
The somatosensory cortex occupies the ——-
A
Parietal lobe
12
Q
GABA does what
A
Brain function, sleep, decreased
Bad create anxiety and tension and Huntingtons disease
13
Q
Glutamate
A
Memory and learning increased learning and enhanced memory
14
Q
The hypothalamus regulates behaviors such as :
A
Eating, sleeping, sex
15
Q
Chief role of the thalamus is to
A
Receive signals from the sensory receptors , process them and transmit the signals to appropriate areas of the sensory cortex
16
Q
A drunk person altered state has effected there…….
A
Cerebellum
17
Q
The medulla oblongata controls……
A
Respiration
18
Q
The midbrain has a key role in
A
Smooth movements off the head and eyes
19
Q
In the sense of smell, transduction occurs in the
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Olfactory epithelium
20
Q
What are feature cells in the primary visual cortex
A
Simple cells that are feature detectors that respond most vigorously to lines of a particular orientation in an exact location on a visual field
21
Q
What are complex cells in the visual cortex
A
Feature detectors that generally cover a larger receptor field and respond when a stimulus of the proper orientation falls anywhere within their receptive field.
22
Q
The conversion of external energy is know as………
A
Transduction
23
Q
The intensity in which light reaches our eyes is called
A
Brightness
24
Q
Visual sensory receptors are located in the
A
Retina
25
The tendency to interpret object as always the same physical dimensions, regardless of its distance from the viewer, is know as …….
Size consistency
26
The process of selecting one sensory channel and ignoring or minimizing another is called
Selective attention
27
What psychological school first identified visual perception occurs in terms of whole objects rather than individual component parts
Gestalt
28
Human perception of high pitched tones is best explained by ……. Theory
Place
29
Circadian rhythms are largely controlled by the
Hypothalamus
30
The suprachiasmatic nucleus’s located in the thalamus is also called the
Brains Biological clock
31
What is the approach explaining hypnosis based on peoples attitudes, beliefs and expectations
Social -cognitive theory particularly role theory
32
Personality psychology involves the typical way of
Thinking, feeling bad behaving
33
Which class of drugs increase activity in the nervous system
Stimulants - eg: heart rate, respiration and blood pressure
34
What does the limbic system do?
Regulates memory and emotion, includes hypothalamus and the septum
35
the amygdala is involved with
Fear and other emotions and may influence sensitivity to other people
36
Raymond cattell believe there are ______ basic personality traits
16
37
The phase of the general adaptation syndrome in which the organism is able to cope with stressors, but the ability to deal with other stressors is reduced is known as
The resistance phase
38
Substance involved in the (SAM) sympathy adrenal medullary system include
Adrenalin and noradrenaline
39
Letting another persons emotional state guide own own is called
Social referencing
40
Three important cells of the immune system are
B Cells, natural killer cells, T cells
41
Theory that emotion is tied to the responses of the peripheral nervous system and that emotions are interpreted by the central nervous system are referred to as
The James -Lange theory and the peripheral theory of emotion
42
The areas of the brain associated with affect are:
Hypothalamus: convert emotional signals into autonomic endocrine response in the
Limbic system especially the amygdala play role in associating sensory information with pleasant or unpleasant feelings. The cortex will consider whether stimulus is safe or harmful.
43
Emotion regulation is associated with
Suppression of emotion eg trying not to show emotion
Reframing the meaning of an event eg putting event into perspective so not as upset
Regulation of moods
44
Emotional state effect the encoding and retrieval of information,
Yes in both postive and negative scenarios
45
What is evolutionary perspectives of emotion
Based on events that occurred to our ancestors long ago, therefore telling us what has caused emotion too exists in humans in general
46
What is cognitive perspective of emotion
Focused on events within the individual who is experiencing the emotion , cognitive account tells us how emotions are caused within us
47
The ________________theory argues that emotion inducing stimuli simultaneously elicit both an emotional experience and bodily response
Cannon Bard theory is an early theory of emotion that views physiological arousal and the subjective experience of emotion as two independent responses to an emotion arousing stimuli
48
The idea that emotion is associated with physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation is tied to the _________________________of emotion
Schachter- Singer theory - emotion involves two factors physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation. People MUST interpret their arousal in order to experience a specific emotion
49
Your mum won the lottery, there’s a little envy but mostly very excited for her - Bythe grinning ear to ear which supports the _________________regarding the origin and intensification of emotion
Facial feedback hypothesis- in line with William James’s peripheral theory of emotion it is not known that facial expression not only indicates a persons emotional state, but can also influence it
50
What are the universal emotions- they are the basic emotions amounts to all humans
Anger,sadness happiness, fear, disgust, joy, contempt, suprise
51
Personality disorders are
Chronic and dysfunctional ways of living that substantially inhibit the capacity to love and work
52
Animal studies by John Cade led to treatment with lithium salts suffering from
Mania/depression
53
In cognitive behavioral therapy the focus is on__________
The individual present behaviour
54
The persons particular viewpoint of the world , their phenomenology is best captured by which therapy
Humanistic
55
Cognitive therapy target the things individual say to themselves and the assumption they make, or what Aron Beck calls
Cognitive distortions
56
One of the earliest and still most widely used cognitive- behavioral therapy techniques is ____________in which patients confronts a phobic stimulus gradually while in a state that anxiety is controlled
Systematic desensitation
57
The main contemporary forms of Psychodynamic treatment are classical psychoanalysis which is_______________; and
Psychodynamic psychotherapy which
Is very intensive and long term
Relies on similar principles but is short term
58
The why is , how do emotions assist?, why is the ability to forget helpful approach to ———————-psychology
Functionalist
59
A patient suffering from schizophrenia insist the painting of people are pulling faces at him he is suffering from ___________
Delusions
60
Flooding and other forms of exposure therapy allow ones fears to be
Extinguished
61
What is systematic desensitization principle aim?
Extinguish irrational fear
Involves patient gradually confronting a phobic stimulus mentally while in a state that inhibits anxiety. Therefore through the conditioning phobics have learned to not fear what should be a neutral stimulus
62
What is flooding technique
Clients confronting the stimulus all at once. This is thought to desensitize the patient through extinction or related mechanism. Eg: afraid of dog- spend a day at a dog kennel
63
What are psychosocial motives/ needs
Unlike eating and sex, less about meeting biological needs they involve personal and interpersonal motives for elements such as achievement, power , self esteem
Needs are categorized into goals for :
Relatedness- connectness with others
Agency- self oriented goals
64
What is drive reduction theory
The Need to balance the homeostasis of the body through needs and drive to satisfy and restore the equilibrium
65
What is arousal theory
A theory of motivation stating that people are motivated to behave in ways that maintain what is for them optimal level of arousal
66
What is incentive theory
Behavior is directed towards attaining desirable stimuli and avoiding unwanted stimuli.
Incentive theory is directed towards attaining desirable stimuli emphasis Inv the role of external stimuli.
67
Which theory of motivation pays least attention to individual differences
Instinct doctrine
68
Incentive theory is based on a ________________ reward
Positive, reinforcement is given after a response to increase the future of the behavior.
69
Evolutionary approach to motivation is
Based on instinct eg: a baby cry’s to eat,sleep,
70
Drive reduction theory is
Focuses on drives and needs - eg your need is water the drive is thirst - drives are generally basic, essential physiological needs
71
What is Optimum arousal theory
People motivated to reach full arousal or alertness.
72
What is cognitive motivation
Focuses on rational and decision making ability
73
Maslow hierarchy of needs suggest we need to fulfill needs in a particular order?
Basic needs at bottom psychological food water air
Safety- eg: nut urban electric money
Belonging and love
Esteem EG: respect
Self actualisation eg: maximizing ones potential
74
What are the two ways we deal with stress?
Problem focused eg: confronting seeking social support and
Emotional focused eg: self controlling distancing positive reappraisal escape/avoidance (wishful thinking)
75
What are the 4 major categories of stressors
1. Significant life changes eg: death, divorce, having children
2. Catastrophic events: cyclone, bad divorce, war,
3. Daily hassles : traffic, long store lines, lost keys
4. Ambient stressors - global eg: pollution, Putin, happening in background.
76
What is stress
The internal processes that occurs as people try and adjust to events and situations, especially those that they perceive beyond their coping capacity.
77
What are the physical, psychological and behavioral responses that occur in the face of stressors
Stress reactions
78
What is the James Lange theory of emotion
Emotion results from the body responding to an emotion- inducing stimulus, this physiological response is then interpreted as an emotion
79
Define ruminative thinking
The repeated intrusion of thought about stressful events, eg will my husband cheat again?
80
What is catastrophic if
Dwelling on and overemphasizing the potential consequences of negative events
81
When one under stress and is fixated on eg a fire but can’t see that they could break the window with the chair it is called __________________
Functional fixedness
82
What is the physical response to stress called _______________
General adaptation syndrome (GAS) a pattern of response triggers by the effort of the body to adapt
1. Alarm stage - fight /flight reaction HR respiration
2. Resistance - initial reaction fades and body work hard to resist the stressors
3.Exhaustion - organ systems involved in prolonged resistance to stressors eventually break down
83
What are the psychological changes to stress
Emotional changes eg anger, anxiety, depression, emotional stress
Cognitive changes inability to concentrate or think logically, ruminative thinking catastrophising
Behavioral changes- onset of aggression and escape /avoidance tactics and health risk behaviors ( drinking, drugs not sleeping )
84
What is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
Suggest that both physiological and emotional responses occur simultaneously in response to emotion enduring stimuli
85
How have psychologist attempted to classify emotions
Through taxonomies, which list the basic emotions that are believed common to the human species eg fear, anger, happiness, joy
Another way is based on weather emotions are a positive or negative experience
86
What is the process of emotions in throughout the nervous system
The hypothalamus - convert emotion energy into physiological responses
The limbic system - the amygdala which plays a central role in linking sensory stimuli to feelings
The cortex assesses weather a stimulus is safe and regulates facial features
87
What is Lazarus cognitive appraisal theory of emotion
Theory suggest that our emotion is a result of our evaluation of how an event affects our wellbeing
88
What is neuropsychology?
Explore and understand brain processes, human behavior and psychological functions
89
The process of letting another persons emotions state guide our own behavior is called_________
Social referencing
90
Emotion self -regulation in young people that fosters a favorable self image and an optimistic outlook is called
self- efficancy
91
viewing a admission interview at a school you applied for as an opportunity to see if you like the school, rather than test your self worth is called
Antecedent (prior) -focused strategy
92
What are the 2 widely used strategies for down -regulating emotion_____?
Reappraisal - is how we think about a situation in order to decrease its emotional impact
Eg: telling self that your husbands affair has nothing to do with you.
Suppression comes later in the emotive generation- It involves inhibiting the outward signs of emotion. It is a response focused strategy
93
What is the gradual process of damage to brain cells caused by neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and huntingtons or by infections?
neurodegeneration
94
Ability to recognize voices of yourself and people you know , but dont recognize faces of people you meet due to damage to the temporal lobe structures on both sides of the brain called
Prosopagnosia
95
Cecil only pays attention the the right side of his world. In fact he only shave the right side of his face
What the cause?
Left hemineglect ( damage to the parietal lobe on the right side of the brain
96
What happens with Primary progressive aphasia ( frontotemporal degeneration - left frontal and temporal lobes)
Gradually developing problems with language
97
Define psychopathology
Refers to problematic patterns of thought, feeling or behavior that lead to disrupted functioning and cause distress to that person or others.
98
Psychological disorders are defined as
Deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thought, feeling and behaviour
99
The medical model champions the notions
That psychological disorders have physiological causes that can be diagnosed on the basis of symptoms, treated and sometimes cured.
100
Psychologist today prefer the bio psychological approach to mental illness being that everything
Psychological is simultaneously biological a more holistic perspective
101
What is the name of the Manual for psychological disorders today
DSM-5 ( statistical manual of Mental disorder)
102
Psychologists conceptualist the nature and cause of psychological disorders through the application of perspectives
The psychodynamic perspective - distinguishes three classes of psychology. Neuroses, personality disorders and psychoses
103
The cognitive behavioral perspective of understanding mental disorder combines _______________with ____________________components
Cognitive ( dysfunctional attitudes, beliefs and cognitive processes) behaviorable ( conditioned emotional responses)
104
The biological perspective of mental illness is:
Seeks the root of psychology in terms of brain circuitry
105
The systems perspective of mental illness is
View psychopathology through the context of social groups eg families
106
The evolutionary perspective of diagnosing mental illness is
Suggests psychopathology reflects genetic variation and adaptive mechanism gone awry.
107
Mood disorders
Include mania, depression and bipolar
108
Childhood disorders
ADHD and conduct disorder
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Anxiety disorders
Phobias, panic disorders and post traumatic stress
110
Eating disorders
Bulimia, anorexia nervosa
111
Somatoform disorders
People without physical problems complain of pain eg: hypochondriasis
112
Dissociative disorders include
Disruptions in consciousness, memory and sense of identity
113
Personality disorders
Chronic disorders the inhibit an individuals capacity to love and work
114
Treatment approach include: psychodynamic therapies
The goal of therapy is to gain insight into unconscious conflicts that induce anxiety
115
Treatment approach include: cognitive- behavioral therapies
Use classical conditioning techniques to focus on association between stimuli and emotions
116
Treatment approach include: humanistic therapies
Focus on the way individual’s consciously experience self, relationships and the rest of the world.
117
Treatment approach include: group and family therapies
Multiple groups work together to meet therapeutic goals.
118
How do biological treatment of mental disorders differ from therapeutic approaches?
The view that psychological disorders reflect pathology of the brain, the these treatments can only be administered by physicians
119
List example of biological treatments
Pharmacology- the use of psychotropic drugs that work on the brain to alter mental functions
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) -the intentional induction of a brain seizure by shock
Psychosurgery- surgery intended to cause damage to the brain to alter behaviour
120
Symptoms and types of medication
Psychosis; Antipsychotics; Chlorpromazine (Thorazine, Largactil) and Clozapine (Clozaril).
• Depression; Tricyclic antidepressants; Mianserin (Tolvon) and Amitriptyline (Tryptanol, Amitrol).
• Depression; MAO inhibitors; Imipramine (Tofranil).
• Depression; Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; Phenelzine (Nardil), Fluoxetine (Prozac), Paroxentine (Aropax) and Sertaline (Zoloft).
• Depression; Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors; Venlafaxine (Effexor), Desvenlafaxine (Pristiq), and Duloxetine (Cymbalta).
• Mania; Mood stabilisers; Lithium (Lithicarb).
• Anxiety; Anxiolitics and Antidepressants; Benzodiazepines (Valium and Xanax), Fluoxetine (Prozac).
121
Name the 2 types of studies used for evaluating psychological treatments
• efficacy studies—assess treatment outcomes under controlled experimental conditions
• effectiveness studies—assess treatments as practised by clinicians.
122
Noreen experiences both anterograde amnesia and confabulations. These are key symptoms that indicate Noreen suffers from:
Korsakoff’s syndrome
123
Brain modules have been compared to computer circuit boards because each module:
Adds a piece neede to complete a particular brain function
124
Neuropsychological assessments must be interpreted with caution because:
Scores must be compared with established averages
125
Marjorie is able to identify a crown when one is placed in her hands when she is blindfolded. However, when the blindfold is removed and she views the crown across the room, she can no longer identify the object. Marjorie appears to be experiencing:
Visual agnosia
126
A neuropsychologist wants to determine which specific psychological functions are affected by damage to a specific brain area in a group of patients. The neuropsychologist is likely to perform:
Lesion analysis
127
Deena is a psychologist who studies the relationships among brain processes, human behaviour and psychological functioning. Deena must be a:
Neuropsychologist
128
If the cells in the area around a stroke have not actually died, they:
May start working again
129
Damage to the ‘what’ perceptual systems may result in the experience of:
Prosopagnosia
130
Aphasias can occur due to all of the following
traumatic brain injury.
cerebrovascular accident.
neurodegeneration.
131
Traumatic brain injury is particularly damaging because the brain is not firmly attached to the skull. Rather, it floats in a bath of ___________. Therefore, head trauma causes the brain to move, which can ___________.
cerebrospinal fluid; tear nerve fibres
132
Luke’s doctor has prescribed a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) for Luke’s disorder. Luke has most likely been diagnosed with ___________ and the drug will increase the effects of ___________ to improve his condition.
Major depression -serotonin and norepinephine
133
Hope is a little girl who seems worried all the time. She is worried that she could be kidnapped, is upset when her parents leave and cries easily. Hope probably has a(n) ___________ childhood disorder.
Internalising
134
Although mental health researchers have disagreed in the past about the causes of disordered behaviour, most researchers in Western cultures now agree that the ___________ model best explains the appearance of psychopathology.
Biopsychosocial
135
Which of the following is commonly used to treat the symptoms of bipolar disorder?
Lithium
136
Elmer has been diagnosed with schizophrenia by his psychiatrist on the basis of exhibiting positive symptoms. Elmer has not shown any of the negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia. Which one of the following would Elmer not have exhibited?
Social withdrawal
137
the ‘Three Ds’ used to define abnormal behaviour?
DISTRESS, DYSFUNCTION AND DEVIANCE
