Psychology - Psychological Development (Part 2) Flashcards
(7 cards)
Gender Socialization
The process by which children learn the behaviors, attitudes, and expectations associated with being masculine or feminine within their culture.
Gender schemas - the specific beliefs and expectations of what it means to be a boy or girl.
– Developed largely between ages 2-4
Adolescence
Physical changes (puberty)
Cognitive growth
Social/emotional issues
(50% of girls by age 12 say that they frequently feel ugly)
Cognitive Growth
Piaget’s Formal Operational Stage - reason, logic, and abstract thought
Frontal Lobe
- Growth of new circuits
- Loss of old circuits
- Changes in balance of neurotransmitters
= risk-taking, poor decision-making, lack of self-control and responsibility for actions.
Social and Emotional Issues
Erickson - identity and role confusion
Social skills for adulthood formed in adolescence
Peer influence
- much time spent outside of home
- affected by gender
- greater on teens that have bad relationships with their parents (family structure is the strongest link to delinquency in 15-25 yr. old)
Family Structure
- kids with authoritative parents have less social and emotional problems.
More Social and Emotional Issues
Sexual Identity
Self-esteem/body image
Kholberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning
- Based on Piaget’s Cognitive Sages
- Stage 1: No concern for others; solely focused on reward/punishment.
- Stage 2: Focus on reciprocity, reward/punishment.
- Stage 3: Goal is to gain social acceptance/avoid disapproval.
- Stage 4: Focus on maintaining social order; goal is to follow rules/avoid penalties.
- Stage 5: Emphasis on fairness; rules and laws are flexible.
- Stage 6: Least egocentric stage; decisions based on universal ethical principles.
Adulthood
- Includes growth and decline
- Erikson’s stages focus on
Intimacy and Isolation
Generativity and Stagnation
Ego Integrity and Despair - Issues in Aging
Vision and hearing loss
Memory loss and mental deterioration
Social/emotional issues
