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PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH METHODS Flashcards

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1
Q

what is an experimental method?

A

where we manipulate the IV to see the effect on the DV

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2
Q

what is the aim?

A

purpose of the study

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3
Q

what is the hypotheses?

A

the relationship between variables being investigated

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4
Q

what is a directional hypotheses?

A

states the direction between the variables being investigated

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5
Q

what is a non directional hypotheses?

A

states that there is a difference between variables being investigated, happens when there is no prior research

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6
Q

what is the independent variable?

A

variable which we change

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7
Q

what is the dependent variable?

A

variable which we measure

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8
Q

what is operationalisation?

A

defining variables in terms of how they can be measured

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9
Q

what is an extraneous variable?

A

variable which affects the DV but doesn’t systematically vary

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10
Q

what is a confounding variable?

A

variable that affects the DV, but changes systematically

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11
Q

what are demand characteristics?

A

cues that the research gives which makes them feel like they can guess the aim of the investigation- may want to please the researcher or sabotage the results

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12
Q

what are investigator effects?

A

unwanted influence from the researcher’s behaviour (conscious or unconscious), that affects the researcher’s results

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13
Q

what is randomisation?

A

use of chance to reduce the effects of bias from investigator effects

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14
Q

what is standardisation?

A

using the same formalised procedures and instructions for every participant involved in the research process

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15
Q

what is a laboratory experiment?

A

environment where variables can be controlled

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16
Q

what is a field experiment?

A

more natural environment, but variables are still controlled

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17
Q

what is a quasi experiment?

A

experiment where the independent variable naturally exists eg) gender differences

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18
Q

what is a natural experiment?

A

independent variable happens even if the researcher hadn’t been there eg) Romanian orphan studies

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19
Q

what is a population?

A

group of people from whom the sample was drawn

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20
Q

what is opportunity sampling?

A

participants happen to be available at the time the study was carried out

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21
Q

what is random sampling?

A

all the members of a population have an equal choice of being selected eg) random number generator

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22
Q

what is systematic sampling?

A

every nth person is selected

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23
Q

what is stratified sampling?

A

people in the sample reflect the varying proportions of people in subgroups within the wider population

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24
Q

what is volunteer sampling?

A

involves self selection

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25
what are independent groups?
participants only take part in one condition of the independent variable, so there are no order effects
26
what are repeated measures?
same participants take part in all conditions of the independent variable, so they should use counter balancing
27
what are matched pairs?
participants are matched on a variable, then one member of each pair does the condition
28
what is a pilot study?
small scale version of an investigation which is done before the real investigation, with the aim to eliminate potential problems
29
what is a single blind sudy?
researchers do not tell participants if they are being given the test or control treatment
30
what is a double blind study?
neither the participants or the experimenter know who is receiving the treatment
31
what is a control group?
base line from which the experimental condition can be compared
32
what is a naturalistic study?
watch and record the behaviour where it normally takes place
33
what is a controlled study?
watch and record the behaviour in a structured environment
34
what is an overt study?
participants know that they are being watched
35
what is a covert study?
participants do not know that they are being watched
36
what is a participant study?
researcher who is observing becomes part of the group that they are observing
37
what is a non participant study?
researcher who is observing is not part of the group that is being observed
38
what are behavioural categories?
target behaviour is broken up into precise components
39
what is time sampling?
behaviour is recorded within a pre established time frame
40
what is event sampling?
count the number of times that a particular behaviour is carried out
41
what is a correlation?
looks at an association between 2 co-variables
42
what is calculated to look at a correlation?
correlation co efficent
43
what are the three types of correlation?
positive/negative/no
44
what is qualitative data?
words
45
what is quantitative data?
numbers
46
what is primary data?
data obtained first hand
47
what is secondary data?
data collected by someone else
48
what is a meta analysis?
combines results from many different studies
49
what is the mean?
total/how many values there are
50
what is the median?
middle value
51
what is the mode?
most common value
52
what is the range?
biggest-smallest value
53
what is the standard deviation?
difference from the mean
54
what curve is a normal distribution?
bell shaped
55
what is a skewed distribution?
spread of data which isn't symmetrical and clusters towards one end
56
what is a positive skew?
to the right- mode/median/mean
57
what is a negative skew?
to the left- | mean/median/mode
58
what is peer review?
assessing scientific work by an expert in the same field
59
what are the aims of peer review?
helps allocate funding checks the relevance and quality of research can suggest improvements
60
what are implications for the economy?
implications of psychological research on the country's economy
61
what is the economy?
a region's activity of producing/consuming goods and services
62
what is a case study?
detailed study into the life of a person | looks at the past and present behaviour of an individual
63
what type of data does a case study use?
qualitative data
64
what is content analysis?
studying human behaviour indirectly by looking at what people produce
65
what are the stages of content analysis?
identify a hypotheses create a coding system conduct content analysis analyse the data
66
what is nominal data?
data in the form of categories
67
what is ordinal data?
ranked data
68
what is interval data?
numerical scales
69
what are the features of a scientific report?
``` abstract introduction method results discussion referencing ```
70
what is an abstract?
key details of the report
71
what is an introduction?
information based on past research
72
what is a method?
description of how the study was conducted
73
what are the results?
all the findings from the study
74
what is the discussion?
consider what the findings mean, and how they can be applied
75
what is referencing?
listing the sources of the study
76
how do you reference?
``` authors date title of book in italics place of publication publisher ```
77
what are the stages of the sign test?
state the hypotheses record the data and work out the sign find the calculated value of S= number of times the less frequent sign occurs find the critical value at the 5% level S is less than/equal= significant
78
what is the rhyme to remember the stats table?
carrots should come mashed with swede under roast potatoes
79
when is a chi square test used?
``` nominal data test of difference unrelated OR nominal data test of association ```
80
when is a sign test used?
nominal data test of difference related
81
when is a mann-whitney test used?
test of difference unrelated ordinal data
82
when is a wilcoxon test used?
test of difference related ordinal
83
when is a Spearman's rho test used?
test of association | ordinal data
84
when is a related t test used?
test of difference related interval data
85
when is an unrelated t test used?
test of difference unrelated interval data
86
when is a pearson's R test used?
test of association | interval data
87
what are related designs?
repeated measures | matched pairs
88
what are unrelated designs?
independent groups
89
what is significance?
whether we are sure that a correlation exists or not
90
what is probability?
how likely it is for an event to happen
91
what is a Type 1 error?
incorrectly reject a null hypotheses (false positive)
92
what is a Type 2 error?
don't reject a false null hypotheses (false negative)
93
when is a Type 1 error more likely to occur?
if the significance level is too high
94
when is a Type 2 error more likely to occur?
if the significance level is too low
95
what is a paradigm?
set of shared assumptions
96
what is a paradigm shift?
change in assumptions in a scientific discipline
97
what is a theory?
set of general principles/laws
98
what is falsifiability?
theory cannot be considered scientific unless it can be proven untrue
99
what is replicability?
whether a scientific method can be repeated
100
what is objectivity?
removing bias from research
101
what is the emperical method?
evidence is collected through direct observation and experience
102
what is informed consent?
participants must be told the purpose of the investigation
103
what are the three types of informed consent?
prior general retrospective presumptive
104
what is deception?
deliberately witholding information from participants, so they should be debriefed after
105
what is protection from harm?
participants should not be harmed any more than they would in real life, should be debriefed after
106
what is privacy?
participants control how much information how much information is revealed about themselves
107
what is confidentiality?
the right participants have to protect their personal data
108
what are the two methods of self report?
questionnaires | interviews
109
what are the three types of scale for self report?
likert scale rating scale fixed choice scale
110
what are the three types of interview?
structured unstructured semi structured
111
what are the two types of question?
open questions | closed questions
112
what is reliability?
how consistent findings are
113
how can reliability be improved in questionnaires?
replace open with closed questions
114
how can reliability be improved in interviews?
do not ask leading/ambiguous questions,
115
how can reliability be improved in observations?
make behavioural categories
116
how can reliability be improved in experiments?
control the procedure
117
what is validity?
whether findings are legitimate or not
118
what is internal validity?
whether the outcome is due to the manipulation of the IV or not
119
what is external validity?
whether findings can be generalised
120
what is ecological validity?
whether findings can be generalised to real life
121
what is temporal validity?
whether findings can be generalised over time
122
what is population validity?
whether findings can be generalised across a population
123
what is face validity?
whether a measure measures what it is supposed to
124
what is concurrent validity?
extent to which a psychological measure compares to an existing measure
125
what is predictive validity?
how well a test can predict future events/behaviours
126
how can validity be improved in experimental research?
use a control group
127
how can validity be improved in questionnaires?
incorporate a lie scale to reduce social desirability bias
128
how can validity be improved in observations?
use covert observations

PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH METHODS (1 decks)

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