Psychology SAC - Chapters 2-3 Flashcards

Question

Privation

Answer 1

Privation refers to the failure to form an attachment to any caregiver during early childhood, often due to a lack of opportunity.

Answer 2

Deprivation refers to the loss or absence of something that was once present or expected.

Answer 3

Privation studies suggest that the effects of privation are irreversible.

Answer 4

Is the typical acquisition and change in mental processes across the lifespan.

Answer 5

-Sensorimotor -Pre-Operational -Concrete Operational -Formal Operational

Answer 6

Fitting new information into a pre-existing idea.

Answer 7

Changing our pre-existing ideas to fit new information.

Answer 8

Birth-2 years: Infants explore the world through their senses and motor movements. Sensation and motor movement begin uncoordinated.

Answer 9

Object permanence: the idea that objects exist even if they can no longer be seen, heard or touched. Goal-directed behaviour: a sequence of actions that is meant to achieve a particular purpose.

Answer 10

2-7 years: The stage when a child has increased ability to mentally represent objects and experiences, and is able to communicate with language and readily ask questions, but has not yet fully developed logical reasoning.

Answer 11

Symbolic thinking: the ability to use words and symbols to represent objects that are not physically present. Egocentrism: they cannot see the world from someone else’s point of view.

Answer 12

the idea that everything that exists (rocks, trees, rivers) have a consciousness.

Answer 13

the inability to focus on more than one quality at a time.

Answer 14

that something can change shape or substance. Eg. Knowing that if you leave ice out in the sun, it will become a puddle of water.

Answer 15

being able to understand a concept in reverse; working backwards through a problem.

Answer 16

7-12 years: A concrete operational child is capable of logical thought and mental operations. They can imagine and predict consequences of actions without them actually needing to happen.

Answer 17

the idea that aspects of an object can remain the same even if their outward appearance changes.

Answer 18

the ability to pay attention to multiple aspects of an object.

Answer 19

the ability to separate objects from one another mentally, or to group them together, according to their features.

Answer 20

the ability to understand the meaning of something, without having to see, visualise, or manipulate it.

Answer 21

solving mental problems by using evidence to draw conclusions and build up to a solution.

Answer 22

being able to have a concept of perfection and determining what steps could be taken to achieve that goal.

Answer 23

is defined more specifically as any action that is influenced, directly or indirectly, by the actual, imagined, expected, or implied presence of others

Answer 24

-Trust vs Mistrust -Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt -Initiative vs Guilt -Industry vs Inferiority -Identity vs Role Confusion -Intimacy vs Isolation -Generativity vs Stagnation -Integrity vs Despair

Answer 25

(BIRTH TO 1 YEAR) Trust: -If we develop a secure attachment, we will be more able to develop healthy attachments at later stages. -A caregiver who is attentive and responsive makes the world predictable and comforting for the child. Mistrust: -A lack of love, warmth, attention and responsiveness from a caregiver can lead to mistrust. -Child will be insecure, suspicious and be unable to relate to others easily.

Answer 26

(1 – 3 YEARS) Autonomy: is the sense of personal independence, or personal control over their own environment. It creates a sense of basic confidence in their own abilities. Doubt: and shame refer to a child who is lacks confidence in their own abilities, feeling inadequate.

Answer 27

(3-5 YEARS) Initiative is the desire to assert control over one’s environment. The child may develop a sense of guilt over their choices of activities, perceiving them as something to be embarrassed about.

Answer 28

(6 YEARS – PUBERTY) Industry: refers to the sense of pride that an individual takes in their work; the value they place on being productive. Inferiority: is a feeling of inadequacy compared to others.

Answer 29

(12 – 18 YEARS) who am i? The conflict of this stage is to develop a sense of identity. Role Confusion refers to an insecure sense of self, a teenager who is unsure of what they believe in or what they desire.

Answer 30

(19 – 40 YEARS) Intimacy is achieved if we can share experiences and care for another person without losing our sense of self identity. Isolation is the resulting loneliness that an adult might feel if they are unsuccessful in romantic relationships and unable to form lasting, close friendships.

Answer 31

(40 – 65 YEARS) *midlife crisis* Generativity refers to having concern for other people, and leaving a better place for future generations; improving society in some meaningful way. Stagnation refers to boredom, concern with personal comfort and lack of personal growth.

Answer 32

(65+YEARS) Integrity is the sense of satisfaction from one’s achievements and that what they have done has been useful or had meaning. Despair refers to bitter feelings of hopelessness, obsession with missed opportunities, and a sense that life has been meaningless, with no time left to correct it.

Answer 33

Being typical in relation to behaviour means that, at most times, the person is acting the way they usually do.

Answer 34

Atypical behaviour would mean that the person is acting in a way that is unusual for them.

Answer 35

-Social Norms -Cultural Perspective -Statistical Rarity -Personal Distress -Functionality (Maladaptive Behaviour)

Answer 36

Involves actions that enable a person to effectively carry out their usual everyday tasks.

Answer 37

interferes with a person’s ability to carry out their usual activities in an effective way.

Answer 38

Describes people whose neurological development and cognitive functioning are typical, conforming to what most people would consider to be normal in the general population.

Answer 39

Describes people whose neurological development and cognitive functioning are atypical and therefore deviate from what is considered typical or normal in the general population.

Answer 40

a neurodevelopmental condition characterised by impaired social interactions, verbal and non-verbal communication difficulties, narrow interests, and repetitive behaviour.

Answer 41

-Little or no response to social interaction -Little to no initiation of social interaction -Little eye contact -Oversensitive to hugs or touch -Show little to no interest in others

Answer 42

-Delayed speech development -Little to no initiation of social interaction -Expressions do not match what is being said -Little understanding of 'social rules' -Slow or fail to respond to being called upon -Tone often mechanical and monotone

Answer 43

-Fixation on certain activities -Hypersensitivity -Repeating simple movements -Repeating use of objects -Excessively like routine -Unique strengths and challenges for different people

Answer 44

A disorder involving a persistent pattern of inattention, and/or hyperactive-impulsive behaviour that adversely affects development or everyday functioning.

Answer 45

-Inattention -Distractibility -Hyperactivity -Impulsivity

Answer 46

The individual has significant difficulty maintaining their attention on task that do not provide a high level of stimulation or are frequently rewarding in some way.

Answer 47

Excessive motor activity and difficulties with remaining still, most evident in structured situations.

Answer 48

A tendency to act on the spur of the moment in response to immediate stimuli, without a plan or consideration of the outcome.

Answer 49

A learning disability in significant difficulties with accurate and fluent word reading, spelling and writing words.

Answer 50

-difficulty distinguishing the sound of one word from another -difficulty learning the letter names and sounds for reading and spelling -difficulty in reading single words -difficulty recognising ‘sight words’ like it, the, or and -lack of accuracy and fluency when attempting to read -reading or writing letters the wrong way around -poor or inconsistent spelling.

Answer 51

a condition that affects the ability to acquire mathematical concepts and skills.

Answer 52

Difficulties with: -counting -understanding simple number concepts -learning how to manipulate numbers -learning how to measure quantities -learning how to solve numerical problems.

Answer 53

a condition that affects coordination of physical movements, which may include muscles for speaking.

Answer 54

difficulties with: -dressing -self-care skills -domestic skills -school skills -recreation and sports participation -general skills

Answer 55

Is an individual who is professionally trained in one or more branches or subfields of psychology.

Answer 56

Is a doctor who specialises in the diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and study of mental, behavioural, and personality disorders.

Psychology SAC - Chapters 2-3 Flashcards

(81 cards)