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MCAT > Psychology / Sociology > Flashcards

Psychology / Sociology Flashcards

1
Q

Definestructural functionalist view.

A

From the functionalist perspective, almost all social actions have both manifest functions and latent functions, both of which are connected to overall social stability.The sociological paradigm of functionalism makes a distinction between manifest, or intended, and latent, or unintended, functions of social activities.

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2
Q

In response to stress, what part of the brain initiates signals to the endocrine system?

A

hypothalamus

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3
Q

Define linguistic relativity hypothesis.

A

The linguistic relativity hypothesis suggests that human cognition is affected by language.

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4
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Its function is to coordinate muscle movements, maintain posture, and balance.sends info to the basal ganglia forstoringautomatic learned memories (skill memory)

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5
Q

DefineThomas theorem.

A

the interpretation of a situation causes the action. This interpretation is not objective. Actions are affected by subjective perceptions of situations

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6
Q

What skills is more associated with right / left hemisphere

A 
Right:	
* visuospatial	
* music perception	
* emotion processing	
* holistic thinking	
* imagination
Left:	
* Language	
* Math	
* facts	
* Linear thinking	
* sequencing
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7
Q

DefineSelf-determination theory

A

macro theory of human motivation and personality that concerns people’s inherent growth tendencies and innate psychological needs..focuses on the degree to which an individual’s behavior is self-motivated and self-determined

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8
Q

Define social stratfication.

A

Social stratificationrefers to a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy.

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9
Q

Sociologists describe the health benefits of social support as resulting from all of the following EXCEPT:A.friends and family members that help patients adhere to medical treatment.B.friends and family members that help patients to reduce harmful behaviors.C.social relationships that help individuals to cope with stressful events.D.social activities that help individuals to avoid loneliness and boredom.

A

D. Social support refers to social network ties (friends, family, and other relationships) that provide an individual with various types of assistance, which are associated with improving health or reducing harm.All of the response options except for D address the health benefits of networks.D identifies activities rather than relationships.

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10
Q

What is responsable for seeing color

A

cones

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11
Q

What is the function of theBasal ganglia?

A

*includes the caudate, putamen and globus pallidus. These nuclei work with the cerebellum to coordinate fine motions, such as fingertip movements.stores automatic learned memories (skill memory)

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12
Q

What is the function of the cerebrum?

A

Cerebrum:composed of right and left hemispheres. It performs higher functions.

  • interpreting touch,
  • vision,hearing,speech,
  • reasoning,
  • emotions,
  • learning,
  • fine control of movement.
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13
Q

what is acetylcholine effect on behavior?

A

voluntary movement, memory, learning, and sleeping patterns.Excessive amounts of acetylcholine can causedepressionlimited amounts will result inDementia.

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14
Q

What is the function of thePineal gland?

A
  • regulate the body’s internal clock and circadian rhythms by secreting melatonin.* It has some role in sexual development.
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15
Q

Define and give a synonyme ofracialization. Where does this concept usually come from?

A

Racializationorethnicizationis the process of attributing ethnicorracial identitiesto a relationship, social practice, or group that did not identify itself as such.Racialization or ethnicization is often borne out of the interaction of a group with a group that itdominatesand ascribes identity for the purpose of continued domination

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16
Q

Define the Hawthorne effect

A

the alteration of behavior by the subjects of a study due to their awareness of being observed.

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17
Q

What is the function of thehippocampus?

A

Long-term memory

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18
Q

Define Selye’s general adaptation syndrome.

A

People’s response to various stressors is similar, weather it’s physical or psychological.

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19
Q

define semantic memory

A
  • general world knowledge accumulated throughout our lives (facts, ideas, meaning and concepts)- intertwined in experience and dependent on culture
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20
Q

Define fundamental attribution error.

A

Refers to stressing the importance of dispositional (i.e., personality) factors in one’s explanations of other people’s behavior and underemphasizing situational factors.

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21
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

A
  • Personality, behavior, emotions* Judgment, planning, problem solving* Speech: speaking and writing (Broca’s area)* Body movement (motor strip)* Intelligence, concentration, self awareness
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22
Q

The standard version of a dichotic listening task involves:

A

presenting two different auditory messages, one to each ear.

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23
Q

defineIncentive theory

A

incentive theory proposes that people are pulled toward behaviors that lead to rewards and pushed away from actions that might lead to negative consequences.

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24
Q

What is norepinephrine effect on behavior?

A

Norepinephrine has control over glucose metabolism and energy consumption;limited levels can give rise to Depression.High levelincreases muscle contractions, heart rate and acts as a stress hormone

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25
Q

What is dopamine effect on behavior?

A

Dopamine affects the ability to concentrate, pay attention, learn and coordinate movements.Too much of dopamine can result inSchizophreniadecreased levels will give rise toParkinson’s disease.

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26
Q

define Prospective memory

A

Prospective memory is a form of memory that involves remembering to perform a planned action or recall a planned intention at some future point in time.

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27
Q

What is the difference between classical and operant conditionning?

A

Classical conditioning:involves pairing a previously neutral stimulus (such as the sound of a bell) with an unconditioned stimulus (the taste of food). Operant conditioning:reinforcementor punishment to increase or decrease a behavior.* reward-seeking motivation,is most closely associated with operant conditioning (change in behavior due to past outcomes)

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28
Q

What is the function of thePituitary gland?

A

connected to the hypothalamus controls other endocrine glands in the body.It secretes hormones that control:* sexual development,* promote bone and muscle growth,* respond to stress.

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29
Q

Define social loafing.

A

Social loafing refers to the fact that people are more productive alone than in a group.*individual are more productive alone than in group!!!

30
Q

Define the 5 stages of freud psychosexual development..

A
31
Q

What is the function of the brainstem?

A
  • connectsthe cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord. It performs many automatic functions:* breathing,* heart rate,* body temperature,* wake and sleep cycles,* digestion,* sneezing, coughing,* vomiting, swallowing.
32
Q

Define dependency ratio

A

Ratio of :# economically dependent people / #economically productive peopleThe economically dependent are those considered too young or too old to work, whereas the economically productive are the working-age population

33
Q

In order to balance on one foot, many people need to have their eyes open. This is an example of:

A

sensory interaction:the idea that one sensory modality (e.g., vision) may influence another (e.g., balance).

34
Q

What does MRI measure?

A

detects brain anomaly like tumors (brain imaging)

35
Q

What is the function of theHypothalamus?

A

controlling behaviors:* hunger, thirst,* sleep,* sexual response.regulates:* body temperature,* blood pressure,* emotions,* secretion of hormones.

36
Q

Which brain lobe is responsible for vision?

A

Occipital

37
Q

Define fertility rate.

A

The number of children who would be born per woman (or per 1,000 women).

38
Q

Define gentrification.

A

Reinvestment in lower income neighborhoods in urban areas, which results from the influx of more affluent groups.With the arrival of more affluent residents, housing demand increases and generally results in a decrease of affordable housing for lower income residents

39
Q

describe the elaboration likelihood model

A
  • Theory describing the change of attitudes
  • explain different ways of processing stimuli, why they are used, and their outcomes on attitude change proposes two major routes to persuasion: central route
  • persuasion will likely result from a person’s hard consideration of the information presented
  • involves a high level of message elaboration
  • Attitude change will be long lastingand predictive of behavior. peripheral route.
  • persuasion results from a person’s association with positive/ negative cuesin the stimulus (unrelated to the logical quality of the stimulus) or making a simple inference about the merits of the advocated position.
  • These cues will involve factors such as the credibility,attractiveness or the production quality of the message.
  • The likelihood of elaboration will be determined by an individual’s motivation and ability to evaluate the argument being presented.
40
Q

define iconic memory

A
  • visual sensory memory (SM) register.- includes visual short & long-term memory- very brief (<1 second)- pre-categorical- high capacity memory store
41
Q

define primary group

A

Primary groups are small and characterized by close, personal, and intimate relationships that last a long time, maybe a lifetime.

42
Q

Define the 8 stages of Erikson stages of psychosocial development.

A
43
Q

What is the function of theOccipital lobe?

A
  • Interprets vision (color, light, movement)
44
Q

what is an NMDA receptor?

A

Glutamate receptor

45
Q

What does brain ct scan measure?

A

brain imaging for abnomalies

46
Q

define flash bulb memory

A

subjectively vivid, compelling memories of details associated with reception of news about emotionally arousing events

47
Q

DefineDrive theory

A

theory that attempts to analyze, classify or define the psychological drives. A drive is an instinctual need that has the power of driving thebehaviourof an individualan “excitatory state produced by ahomeostaticdisturbance”

48
Q

what effect does emotional arousal have on acquiring information

A

causes a restriction of the focus of attention.. focus a person’s attention on the central features of an event

49
Q

What is theMyers–Briggs inventory

A

The model the girl and I talked on the TMZ discord chat lol it does have a name :P

50
Q

What is the function of theParietal lobe?

A
  • Interprets language, words* Sense of touch, pain, temperature (sensory strip)* Interprets signals from vision, hearing, motor, sensory and memory* Spatial and visual perception
51
Q

What does an EEG measure

A

Electrical activity of the brain. (not perticular regions)

52
Q

What is the function of theTemporal lobe?

A
  • Understanding language (Wernicke’s area)* Memory* Hearing* Sequencing and organization
53
Q

What is the function of theThalamus?

A

serves as a relay station for almost all information that comes and goes to the cortex. It plays a role in:* pain sensation,* attention,* alertness* memory.

54
Q

Define actor-observer bias.

A
  • Actors attribute their own behavior to situational factors* Observers attribute actors’ behavior to dispositional factors.
55
Q

What element must be present for a situation to be discribed as discriminatory?

A

Discriminatory behavior (not only attitude or bias)

56
Q

Define source monitoring errors.

A

Type of memory error where the source of a memory is incorrectly attributed to some specific recollected experience.

57
Q

Which eye structure is involved in color sensing?

A

The fovea is directly involved in color sensation and its distribution of receptors varies across different species.

58
Q

The phenomenon that occurs when people mistakenly read the letter “C” as the letter “O” illustrates which Gestalt principle of perceptual grouping?

A

Closureone of the Gestalt principles of perceptual grouping, occurs when people perceive objects that are incomplete as complete.

59
Q

Define cognitive-behavior therapy.

A

CBT first addresses maladaptive behaviors through behavior therapy to systematically modify a person’s behavior. This is followed by sessions designed to foster cognitive change, through self-assessments.

60
Q

define secondary group

A

Secondary groups comprise relatively impersonal and temporary relationships that are goal- or task-orientedand are often found in employment or educational settings.

61
Q

define Reproductive memory

A

A type of memory which may fall victim to errors in either reconstructive memory or constructive memory, frequently when recalled material consists of stories or passages of prose.

62
Q

Define the 4 steps of Piagets development stages.

A
63
Q

Sound-induced vibrations depolarize hair cells of the cochlea by opening ion channels that are gated in what way?A.ChemicallyB.MechanicallyC.ElectricallyD.Synaptically

A

B because hair cells of the cochlea are specialized mechanoreceptors

64
Q

What is the function of theprefrontal cortex?

A

Short term / working memory

65
Q

Define the 4 types of glia cells.

A

Glia (Greek word meaning glue) are the cells of the brain that provide neurons with nourishment, protection, and structural support..Astroglia or astrocytes: they regulate the blood brain barrier, allowing nutrients and molecules to interact with neurons. They control homeostasis, neuronal defense and repair, scar formation, and also affect electrical impulses.Oligodendroglia cells: create a fatty substance called myelin that insulates axons – allowing electrical messages to travel faster.Ependymal cells: line the ventricles and secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).Microglia:are the brain’s immune cells, protecting it from invaders and cleaning up debris. They also prune synapses.

66
Q

DefineExpectancy–value theory

A

there are expectations as well as values or beliefs that affect subsequent behavior.

67
Q

What is serotonine effect on behavior?

A

Serotonin regulates appetite, sex drive, moods, impulsive and aggressiveness and ability to fall asleep.A limited amount of serotonin can give rise to depression and various forms of anxiety disorders

68
Q

What is the function of theLimbic system?

A

is the center:* emotions,* learning,* memory.Included in this system are:* the cingulate gyri,* hypothalamus,* amygdala (emotional reactions)* hippocampus (memory).

69
Q

define self efficacy

A

a personal judgment of “how well one can execute courses of action required to deal with prospective situations”high self-efficacy will exert sufficient effort that, if well executed, leads to successful outcomeslow self-efficacy are likely to cease effort early and fail

70
Q

Defineescape learning..

A

Escapeconditioning occurs when the animal learns to perform an operant to terminate an ongoing, aversive stimulus.Ex:Monitoring how many trials it takes for participants to be conditioned to perform a response that results in the termination of an electric shock

71
Q

What does Pet scan measure?

A

Brain activity

MCAT (3 decks)

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