Psychology Test Flashcards

Question

What is accommodation according to Piaget?

Answer 1

The process by which children change their way of thinking in order to fit in with new experiences. Accommodation is a more advanced process. It involves restructuring the way existing info is mentally organised so new info may be included.

Answer 2

The parent tells the child that the animal is a cat, the child notices the differences. Through accommodation a new concept has been formed by extending and modifying existing knowledge.

Answer 3

Schema is a mental idea or organized mental representation of what something is and how to deal with it.

Answer 4

He decided that all children pass through the same 4 stages of thinking in the same fixed journey. Each stage must be completed before an individual can move on to the next stage.

Answer 5

Sensori Motor Stage (0-2yrs) Pre-Operational Stage (2-7yrs) Concrete Operational Stage (7-11yrs) Formal Operational Stage (11+yrs)

Answer 6

Occurs between birth and 2 years. | The child develops an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with motor abilities.

Answer 7

Object Permanence | Goal-directed behaviour

Answer 8

Object permanence is a concept learnt at about 7 months this is the concept that things still exist, even though they can not be seen. A way to test for object permanence is to hide a toy under a blanket and note the kid's reaction.

Answer 9

Goal-directed behaviour is achieved at about 2 years. This is the concept of doing things on purpose, for example, choosing to do things, and problem solving. For example – crawling over to a toy to pick it up

Answer 10

The Pre-Operational Stage occurs between the age of two and seven years. In this stage, the child develops their abilities to think in more complex ways.

Answer 11

``` Symbolic Thinking Egocentrism Animism Transformation Centration Reversibility ```

Answer 12

Symbolic thinking. The ability to use symbols such as words and pictures to represent objects, places or events. They can later use symbols are part of pretend play. Eg - A mound of sand at the beach becomes a turtle to ride.

Answer 13

Egocentrism. In general, the child is only capable of thinking about things from their point of view. E.G. The mountain task where a child is shown three different coloured mountains, then a doll is shown and placed at a different viewing angle, with the child being asked to select what they believe the doll sees.

Answer 14

Animism is the belief that everything is alive and has feelings. A way to test this is if a child was to trip over something, would they blame what they tripped over.

Answer 15

Transformation is the understanding that things can change shape or form. A way to test for transformation is to ask what happened when ice melts.

Answer 16

Centration A child can only focus on one quality of an object at a time. A way to test for centration is to line up 3 blocks and spread them out then line up 5 blocks close together and ask which line has more blocks.

Answer 17

Reversibility is the ability to track an argument to its starting point. This accomplishment develops in the later years of the pre-operational stage. A way to test this is to have a bottle of water and a glass. Then show the child the water being poured into the glass from the bottle. The child can then be asked, how do we fill up the bottle again, with the answer being to pour the water from the glass back in the bottle.

Answer 18

About 7 years to 12 years of age. The thinking of concrete operational children revolves around what they know and what they can experience through their senses.

Answer 19

Conservation | Classification

Answer 20

Conservation - the idea that an object does not change its weight, mass, volume or area when it changes shape or appearance.

Answer 21

2 identical playdough balls still have equal amounts even when one is rolled into a sausage.

Answer 22

cordial being poured from one glass into a different shaped glass … still same volume

Answer 23

The ability to organise information into categories according to common features. A way to test this is to show the kid three different coloured marshmallows, and to have the kid sort them out based on colour.

Answer 24

Occurs at approx 12 years of age (similar age to entering high school). More complex thought processes become evident and thinking becomes increasingly sophisticated.

Answer 25

Abstract Thinking | Logical Thinking

Answer 26

A way of thinking that does not rely on being able to see or visualise things in order to understand concepts. A way to test this is to ask a child about honesty or morality.

Answer 27

They can develop plans to solve problems, identify a range of possible solutions to problems, develop hypotheses and systematically test solutions. It’s not until this stage that a person is able to form an accurate understanding of the concepts of time and distance. A way to test this is to ask a child to perform a science experiment on melting ice indoors and outdoors and to ask them where they believe the ice will melt faster.

Answer 28

Piaget initially believed that all children would eventually reach this stage and so there was no point pushing them. However, following further research he revised this. In 1972, Piaget suggested that, unlike previous stages, formal operational thinking may not be achieved at all.

Answer 29

Great impact on psychology and his research has stimulated considerable interest in the development of cognitive abilities. Many studies have confirmed various aspects of Piaget’s theory or extended his findings into other areas of development. Practical applications have been derived from his theory – the idea of ‘developmental readiness’ of young children for reading, writing, mathematics and other cognitive tasks. Child development experts now warn that children should not be ‘pushed’ too early.

Answer 30

Researchers have discovered that infants know a lot more and know it sooner than Piaget believed they did. They found that key cognitive accomplishments described by Piaget for the different stages are often achieved by children much younger. Eg – object permanence Piaget proposed that object permanence could not be accomplished until about 7 months of age Psychologists now believe that younger infants may have failed at this task because the task required mental abilities over and above the knowledge of object permanence. Many psychologists also disagree with the idea of stage theories. Eg - Albert Bandura believes that children do not necessarily pass through definite sequential stages. He argues that the development of cognitive abilities results from a combination of experiences that individuals have during their lives.

Answer 31

Nature - the role of our biology and our genes; the influence of our genetic make up on our development.

Answer 32

Nurture - the role of our environment and learning on our development

Answer 33

A feral child is a child who has lived isolated from human contact starting from a very young age They have remained unaware of human behaviour and unexposed to language They are either: Isolated Confined Wild

Answer 34

They may have been kept apart from society on purpose (eg. kept in room in solitary confinement) They may have been separated from society by being lost or abandoned If they end up in the wild, they may be reared by wild animals or integrated into animal groups

Answer 35

Psychological processes that occur within an individual (psycho) AND The way they interact with others (social) This is why his theory is called Psychosocial

Answer 36

``` Infant- Trust VS Mistrust Toddler- Autonomy VS Doubt Pre-infancy- Initiative VS Guilt School-Ager- Industry VS Inferiority Adolescent- Identity VS Confusion Young Adult- Intimacy VS Isolation Middle Age- Generativity VS Self-adsorption Older Adult- Integrity VS Despair ```

Answer 37

A developmental issue where there is a positive and negative extreme (eg. Trust versus mistrust) Psychosocial development occurs when the positive characteristic is stronger. However, there must be an element of the negative characteristic for self-protection…. Eg - The right mix of trust and mistrust is needed. Each crisis must be resolved for healthy social development. If not, this healthy development is hindered. Strong negative outcomes can be addressed and overcome with attention. Later experiences in life can change the outcome of an earlier experience.

Answer 38

There are 2 important factors when facing this crisis: Personal needs/wants. These change as we get older. Expectations/demands placed on us by others (eg family, friends, teachers).

Answer 39

It is unlikely that anyone completes all stages perfectly. | However, the better the person does at each stage the healthier the person’s social development.

Answer 40

It provides changes that take place across the life span from birth to death It describes how healthy social development is achieved

Answer 41

Focuses mainly on males Doesn't consider the way in which socio-cultural influences have differing effects on males and females Mainly focuses on married couples with kids Very little empirical research evidence to support it Terms are hard to define

Answer 42

When an infant will view the world as a predictable, safe, caring and happy place. A way to guarantee this is to cuddle the child and feed them when needed

Answer 43

Distrusting caregivers. Fearing the world. Unsure that needs will be met.

Answer 44

The ability to do things independently and the feelings of self-independence, self-reliance, self-control and competence which accompanies this. A way to guarantee this is to have the child dress themself, eat food by themself, toilet train them.

Answer 45

Feelings of shame, doubt, feeling like the infant is overdependent on others.

Answer 46

Initiative involves being able to plan, think for oneself, and carry out various kinds of activities with purpose. A way to guarantee this is to give children freedom and the ability to do play activities simply for the sake of it.

Answer 47

``` Guilt is when a child worries about going too far overstepping boundaries becoming the wrong kind of person not controlling their behaviour ```

Answer 48

Being a working member of society, such as by becoming a learner, or fitting in social norms for their gender and age. A way to guarantee this is to encourage the child, and to praise and reward them for their efforts.

Answer 49

If the child cannot develop the specific skill they feel society is demanding (e.g., being athletic) then they may develop a sense of Inferiority.

Answer 50

Identity refers to the general picture individuals have of themselves. This is when an individual knows who they are and what they want to achieve in life. A way to guarantee this is to encourage the child to be themselves, not what other people want them to be or to stick to social norms, and for the child to bring together the cognitive abilities and what they have learned about themselves.

Answer 51

Role confusion involves the individual not being sure about themselves or their place in society. Being unsure of who they are and where they fit Drifting from one job or relationship to another Feeling disappointed and confused about their place in life

Answer 52

The ability to share with and care about another person without fear of losing oneself in the process. A way to guarantee intimacy is to form strong relationships with people.

Answer 53

The sense of being alone without anyone to share one's life with or care for.

Answer 54

A person's concern with others beyond their immediate family, with future generations and the nature of the society and world in which those generations will live. A way to guarantee this is to work with younger people by passing on wisdom or working with youth groups.

Answer 55

Stagnation is boredom, inactivity, too much concern with personal needs and comforts, and a lack of personal growth.

Answer 56

Integrity refers to a sense of satisfaction with one's achievements in life and a belief in the course of one's life has been useful, valuable, and meaningful. A way to guarantee this is to have strong relationships, be proud of what they have accomplished, and to know that they have made a contribution to the world.

Answer 57

Despair involves bitter feelings of hopelessness, involving lost opportunities, mistakes that were made, and the sense that life has been meaningless and empty.

Psychology Test Flashcards

(81 cards)