PSYCHOLOGY TEST 2/10/2025

Question 1

Hypothesis that language determines that way we think (Whorf).

Answer 1

Linguistic determinism

Question 2

Aphasia in which verbal communication is nonsensical and lacks
meaning; difficulty understanding spoken and written communication

Answer 2

Wernicke’s aphasia

Question 3

According to Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy.

Answer 3

Basic trust

Question 4

A theory of the social environment’s influence on human development, using five nested systems (micro, meso, exo, macro chrono).

Answer 4

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems theory

Question 5

A style of parenting that is both demanding and responsive

Answer 5

Authoritative

Question 6

Demonstrated by infants who comfortably explore environments in the
present of caregiver, show only temporary distress when the caregiver l
leaves and find comfort in the caregiver’s return

Answer 6

Secure attachment

Question 7

In a language, the smallest unit (word or part of word) that carries meaning

Answer 7

morpheme

Question 8

The distress, fear, and unhappiness experienced by young children when they are around individuals who are unfamiliar to them.

Answer 8

Stranger anxiety

Question 9

Process by which some animals form early strong attachments (Lorenz).

Answer 9

Imprinting

Question 10

The normal alarm or fear experienced by a young child separated from the person or people to whom he or she is attached.

Answer 10

Separation anxiety

Question 11

The early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram – “go car”

-using mostly nouns and verbs.

Answer 11

Telegraphic speech

Question 12

A procedure for studying child-caregiver attachment (Ainsworth)

Answer 12

Strange situation

Question 13

In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.

Answer 13

Phoneme

Question 14

Type of aphasia in which Individual struggles to form words and construct g
correct sentences. Comprehension abilities are relatively preserved.

Answer 14

Broca’s aphasia

Question 15

A person’s characteristic emotional reactivity or intensity

Answer 15

Temperament

Question 16

Type of insecure attachment in which individual resists closeness

Answer 16

Avoidant attachment

Question 17

the stage during which a child speaks mostly single words.

Answer 17

One-word stage

Question 18

insecure attachment in which clinging behavior is displayed.

Answer 18

anxious attachment

Question 19

Morality develops through cognitive growth, with reasoning and fairness at its
core (which psychologist supports this), rational moral reasoning

Answer 19

Piaget

Question 20

Morality is primarily emotional and intuitive, with reasoning often acting as a post-
hoc justification. (which psychologist supports this), emotional moral intuition

Answer 20

Haidt

Question 21

Who conducted marshmellow experiment?

Answer 21

Walter Mischel

Question 22

What did the marshmellow test show?

Answer 22

Mischel’s longitudinal studies found that children who were able to delay gratification tended to
have better life outcomes, including:
* Higher SAT scores
* Better stress management
* Healthier relationships
* Greater professional success

Question 23

Example of phoneme

Answer 23

The word cat has three phonemes: /k/ - /æ/ - /t/.

Question 24

Example of morpheme

Answer 24

Example: “Unbreakable” has three morphemes:
o un- (not)
o break (root word)
o -able (can be done)

Question 25

What does Chomsky believe?

Answer 25

Chomsky believes that, regardless of the language, babies have an inborn ability to grasp phonemes, morphemes, and grammar rules. A child raised in Japan will effortlessly learn Japanese, while one in France will pick up French—without formal instruction! Mind-blowing example: * Even when deaf children aren’t taught sign language, they often create their own structured "home signs" with consistent grammar rules—suggesting that language structure is innate! In short, while experience shapes the language we speak, our brains come pre-equipped with the ability to organize words, sounds, and meanings—a superpower we often take for granted!

Question 26

* Babies understand language before they can speak it. * By 4-6 months, they recognize their own name and familiar words like "mommy" or "milk."

Answer 26

Receptive Language (Understanding Words)

Question 27

Babies move from random sounds to structured speech in stages.

Answer 27

Productive Language (Speaking Words)

Question 29

Humans have a "critical period" for language learning, which peaks in early childhood (before puberty). * The brain is highly plastic in childhood, meaning it can easily form new neural connections. * After puberty, brain structures involved in language learning become less flexible, making it harder to achieve native-like fluency.

Answer 29

The Critical Period Hypothesis (Biological Factor)

Question 30

Babies are born able to distinguish all phonemes (speech sounds) from any language. * By ~10 months, they start losing the ability to hear and produce sounds not used in their native language. * Adults often struggle with pronouncing sounds that don’t exist in their first language.

Answer 30

Phoneme Recognition Declines with Age (Cognitive Factor)

Question 31

Adults rely on their first language’s grammar and structure, which can interfere with learning a new one. * They translate rather than think naturally in the new language.

Answer 31

Interference from First Language (Cognitive Factor)

Question 32

Adults fear making mistakes and feel self-conscious, while kids experiment freely. * Adults have less exposure and less time to immerse themselves in a new language compared to children.

Answer 32

Social & Emotional Barriers (Psychological & Social Factors)

Question 33

Language processing is primarily handled by the _____ hemisphere of the brain (in most people).

Answer 33

left

Question 34

Two well-known areas—________________—are closely linked to specific types of aphasia (language impairment).

Answer 34

Broca's area and Wernicke's area

Question 35

Broca’s Area is the

Answer 35

Speech Production Center

Question 36

Wernicke’s Area is the

Answer 36

Comprehension Center

Question 37

Extreme version of Whorf Hypothesis. * language determines thought—if you don’t have words for a concept, you can’t think about it.

Answer 37

Linguistic Determinism - "Language Limits Thought"

Question 38

* More reasonable and accepted version of the Whorf Hypothesis. * language shapes how we think, but doesn’t control it. * People from different linguistic backgrounds may perceive and categorize the world differently. Language shapes our experience but doesn’t put up strict barriers—we can still think beyond words.

Answer 38

Linguistic Relativism – "Language Influences Thought"

Question 39

Thinking in images? What does this mean. Give an example.

Answer 39

Thinking in images refers to visual or mental imagery—the ability to represent information in our mind using pictures, rather than words. It’s a way to process thoughts, e.g. mental rehearsal: athletes imagine themselves performing a skill successfully before actually doing it.

Question 40

– "The Immediate Circle" The closest environment, where direct interactions occur. * Examples: Family, school, friends, teachers, neighborhood, daycare.

Answer 40

Microsystem