Psychology- Test 2 Flashcards

Question

What is face validity?

Answer 1

The extent to which the test appears to be measuring what it claims. E.g. questions on IQ test relate to how we organise, remember and use information.

Answer 2

The extent to which the test items are in keeping with the constructs on which the test was based. E.g. personality test would be expected to relate to three constructs believed to make up personality- extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism. Should not find items relating to constructs not part of theory.

Answer 3

Comparing people's performances on scale interested in with performance on one we already know a lot about. Look at strength of relationship between them. E.g. new IQ test developed- compare it to an old one.

Answer 4

Extent to which it can predict other attributes or behaviours thought to be related to constructs tested. E.g. employers issuing personality test to determine conscientiousness want to know that employee will be timely.

Answer 5

Researchers do not manipulate variables. They observe and describe variables in world around them and not their relationship to one another. Not causational. 1. Case studies 2. Correlational study 3. Archival research- information previously collected by others, but is in a form that allows systematic studies. 4. Surveys

Answer 6

Not causation. Use statistical technique of correlation to determine whether there is relationship between variables and how strong it is.

Answer 7

Information previously collected by others, but is in a form that allows systematic studies. E.g. official records of hospitals.

Answer 8

1) Identifying a research question 2) Formulate a hypothesis 3) Design the experiment 4) Collect the data (conduct) 5) Analyse the data 6) Interpret the data Record findings

Answer 9

Values can occur in between whole numbers. E.g. Time, weight, height If it has units, it is continuous.

Answer 10

Data that is counted. E.g. Cannot have 2.5 cars counted.

Answer 11

Title must be operationalised • Must have population • How dependent variable is measured (e.g. Questionnaire, heart rate)

Answer 12

Looks like a column graph, but bars are touching each other- indicates continuous data. Each bar of continuous data is in a RANGE.

Answer 13

Shows frequency. Points are plotted in the middle of each range. Must draw straight line down to x-axis on either side.

Answer 14

Plotting proportion of something. Proportion represented by a "slice".

Answer 15

Relationships between the variables. Does not show causation.

Answer 16

The factors that are hypothesized to have an effect on behaviour.

Answer 17

Mean, median, mode, range.

Answer 18

Descriptive statistics are used to summarise, organise and describe data obtained from research Measures of central tendency: mean, median, mode

Answer 19

Strength: most sensitive measure of central tendency as it takes account of all scores. Limitation: Heavily affected by outlier- outlier can skew mean and give incorrect interpretation of relationship between variables. Therefore, could be unrepresentative.

Answer 20

Take the average of 2 numbers.

Answer 21

• Strength: ○ Unaffected by outliers in data set • Limitation: ○ Does not take account of most scores so it can be misleading

Answer 22

• Number occurrent most frequently • Count which occurs most • Strengths: ○ Unaffected by extreme scores ○ Useful when data are in categories § Frequencies § Why? • Limitations: ○ Can have more than one mode Unrepresentative measure

Answer 23

Tells us how close data is to mean E.g. range Good indicator of variability

Answer 24

Whenever possible, must be obtained. Requires written consent. Researcher outlines what research is about, then asks for consent. Presumptive consent- group of people ask to infer whether it is ok • Researcher informs BEFORE experiment: ○ Procedures ○ Purpose ○ Expectations ○ Their rights § Withdrawal rights ○ Foreseeable risks ○ Written consent

Answer 25

Data gained must be kept anonymous unless participant gives full consent. No names must be used in lab report • Personal details and results private ○ Kept secure e.g. Password protected file ○ Cannot be identifiable when results public ○ Cannot be disclosed to anyone without consent § Under 18- guardian

Answer 26

• Willing • No pressure or coercion • E.g. Good grade • No threat of negative consequences

Answer 27

Participants should be able to withdraw themselves and their data from the investigation. • No negative consequences • Researcher can't pressure them ○ Even if detrimental

Answer 28

Where participants are misled or wrongly informed about the aims of the research. Types: deliberate (e.g. deceptive instructions) or deception by omissions (e.g. creating ambiguity) Sometimes necessary to avoid demand characteristics (clues in experiment which leads participant to know think they know what experimenter is looking for). Should avoid unless there is no alternative- judged by expert Deception must not cause stress- must consider cultural factors Benefit must outweigh harm

Answer 29

• Can be used in place of random sampling when target population is large • Researcher identifies the different types of people that make up the target population and works out the proportions needed for the sample to be representative ○ Population is broken down into "strata" or groups, based on characteristics they share • Random method pulls out same proportion, but smaller subset

Answer 30

• Extremely time consuming, therefore rarely used as researcher must collect information about population's characteristics before sampling • Requires access to strata and participants within each stratum Must be carried out within each strata to be representative

Answer 31

• Highly representative of target population, and therefore results applied to target populations • Ensures subgroups (strata) represented in same proportions as in populations Randomly selected

Answer 32

• target population available at time and willing to participants • Participants obtained by asking members of population of interest who are easily and conveniently available, if they would take part in research • For example: ○ E.g. Would be selecting a sample of students from those coming out of the library

Answer 33

Participants are likely to be highly biased (not able to be generalised to population)

Answer 34

• Does not require forward planning i.e. Quick • Quick to administer Useful in pilot study to check whether hypotheses are on track and materials & techniques are appropriate

Answer 35

• Planned & systematic approach • Everyone in the entire target population has an equal chance of being used in the study • E.g. ○ Pulling a name out of a hat/container ○ Allocating a number to each person in the population and then using a random number generator to select the sample

Answer 36

• Unbiased- sample should represent target population and eliminate sampling bias Results can be applied to the population

Answer 37

• Very difficult to obtain a complete list of all possible participants or to collect data from mall selected Expensive i.e. Time, effort, money

Answer 38

any variable that you're not investigating that can potentially affect the outcomes of your research study. difficult to determine a relationship between IV and DV

Answer 39

extraneous variable that was not controlled during experiment and is believed to have effected dependent variable

Answer 40

• Participant differences ○ Differences amongst research participants e.g. Moods, personality, ability, memory • Experimenter effects ○ Differences in how experimenter treats participants in experimental & control groups • Situational variables ○ Differences in how participants react to experimental environment itself

Answer 41

Creates point of comparison to experimental group- ensures IV actually causes effect. Control groups: exposed to absence of manipulated variable ○ E.g. Does exercise reduce depression symptoms? ○ No exercise must be treated as similarly as possible

Answer 42

• Experimental groups: exposed to changes or manipulations in experiment (IV), to see what happens to other variable (DV) ○ E.g. Does exercise improve depression symptoms? ○ Experimental group exposed to exercise

Answer 43

○ Random ○ Matched participants ○ Used when extraneous variable could confound ○ Choose subject with same behaviour/physical attitude ○ E.g. Age and memory • Repeated measures: ○ Used when researchers believe individual participant differences must be controlled ○ Participant is exposed to experimental & control conditions

Answer 44

Experiments. Controlled observations. Surveys: paper, kiosk, mobile, questionnaires. Longitudinal studies. Polls. Telephone interviews. Face-to-face interviews. Discrete or continuous

Answer 45

Human error – mistakes e.g. reading a scale incorrectly. Random error – unpredictable that occur in all experiments e.g. no measurement can be made with absolute precision. Systematic error – occur as a result of poor design of the method. Participant sources – Hawthorne & placebo effect Experimenter sources – experimenter effect

Answer 46

Participant error Tendency in some individuals to alter their behaviour in response to their awareness of being observed Leads to incorrect conclusions about effect of changes in IV on DV

Answer 47

Placebo Effect Can occur in experiments designed to evaluate the effectiveness of a drug if the procedure is not designed correctly. Placebo Effect occurs when there is a change in a participant’s behaviour due to their expectation about the treatment.

Answer 48

A placebo- neutral substance presented same way, but no active ingredients.

Answer 49

Single-Blind Procedure- half the participants are given the experimental treatment and the other half are given a placebo Neither participant know which group they are in. Any differences in the effects of the drug should be due to the drug itself rather than to the beliefs about the treatment.

Answer 50

Occur when an experimenter influences participant’s behaviour. Experimenter Effect is a change in behaviour by the participant that is due to the behaviour of the researcher.

Answer 51

Double-Blind Procedure. Neither the participant or the person collecting the data knows which group a participant is in. An independent person is required to allocate participants to the experiment or control group. After the data is collected, the researcher is made aware of who was in which group.

Answer 52

Mode, median, mean

Answer 53

No human measurement can be made with 100% accuracy.

Answer 54

After the data is collected.

Answer 55

Systematic error- error in method. Have not considered blind tests, etc.

Answer 56

1. Justice 2. Beneficence 3. Research merit and integrity 4. Respect

Answer 57

Strengths: Gain very specific information about an occurrence or phenomenon Limitation: time consuming

Answer 58

An individual watches & records another individual or a group of people based on behaviour they see. Strength: Eliminate extraneous variable of artificiality (effect of an unnatural environment) Limitation: Rely on the observer’s interpretation of events (observer bias)

Answer 59

• Individuals are asked to comment on their own thoughts, emotions and beliefs by answering a series of questions on a topic • Include: surveys & questionnaires, interviews (open-ended/fixed response, structured/unstructured), focus groups

Answer 60

Strengths: Gain detailed information (except surveys & questionnaires) Limitations: • Difficult to compare data between participants due to subjectivity of the data Social desirability bias

Answer 61

Scattergram: - Used to represent correlational data ○ Never join the dots

Answer 62

- Correlation means association- measure of extent to which two variables are related - Use correlation to determine whether there is relationship between variables AND how strong relationship is - 3 results of correlational study: ○ Positive correlation, negative correlation, no correlation - Correlation does not mean causation

Answer 63

- Times during which a variable cannot be practically or ethically manipulated - Occurs when researchers do not manipulate variables ○ They observe (watch & record) and describe variables in the world around them and note their relationship to one another § Can lead to observer bias ○ Relies on: § Observations and interactions to reach conclusions ○ Non-experimental cannot determine cause and effect § Can give correlation, not causation

Answer 64

an in-depth, direct behavioural observation of a single person or small group of people e.g. Phineas Gage Usually conducted via longitudinal study ○ Advantages: § Provides detailed (rich qualitative) information ○ Limitations: § Researcher's own subjective feeling may influence case study (researcher/observer bias) Time-consuming and expensive

Answer 65

- Gather self-reported data from participants who (ideally) have been randomly selected - Usual form: questionnaire, in which predetermined answers are provided as alternatives - Advantages ○ Cheap ○ Quick to administer - Limitations: ○ Lack detail Responses fixed-> less scope for respondents to answer authentically

Answer 66

- Qualitative data: data that describes, in detail, any changes in behaviour ○ Can't graph it - Prone to observer bias: person chooses what to write down

Answer 67

○ They can combine data from different sources § Advantage: □ More cost and time effective § Limitations: □ No full disclosure as to how data was retrieved ® Lack of ethics

Answer 68

a statement that addresses the original aim or research question 1. Was original hypothesis supported or disproven? 2. Include reference to the original hypothesis 3. State whether results were statistically significant- do we know that results are due to the independent variable? *Is it statistically significant to derive relationship between IV & DV 4. State whether results of study could be generalised to population

Answer 69

A generalisation should only be made if all of the following criteria are met: 1. Results are statistically significant (using inferential statistics) 2. Sample is representative of the population 3. Method of sampling is appropriate 4. (Where possible) extraneous & confounding variables have been controlled

Answer 70

A generalisation should only be made if all of the following criteria are met: 1. Results are statistically significant (using inferential statistics) 2. Sample is representative of the population 3. Method of sampling is appropriate 4. (Where possible) extraneous & confounding variables have been controlled

Answer 71

A generalisation should only be made if all of the following criteria are met: 1. Results are statistically significant (using inferential statistics) 2. Sample is representative of the population 3. Method of sampling is appropriate 4. (Where possible) extraneous & confounding variables have been controlled

Psychology- Test 2 Flashcards

(97 cards)