Psychology U3/4 AOS2

Question 1

Factors influencing ability and inability to remember

What are the two rehearsals?

Answer 1

Maintenance and Elaborative Rehearsal.

Question 2

What is encoding

Answer 2

Refers to the purpose of putting information into a form that will allow it to be stored.

Question 3

What is storage?

Answer 3

Refers to the process of keeping information in our brains for a long period of time.

Question 4

What is retrieval?

Answer 4

Process of getting information back from memory.

Question 5

Factors influencing ability and inability to remember

Define Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 5

Maintenance rehearsal involves repeating information that is to be remembered over and over again to “maintain” it within STM.

MR helps to increase the limited duration of STM

Question 6

Factors influencing ability and inability to remember

Define Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 6

ER is a process by which we give meaning to information by linking it to previously stored information or information that is already stored in the LTM relating to our real world and real life.

We are more likely to better store and effectively retrieve information when we use ER to process that information, compared to MR. ER is an example of deep-level processing at work.

Question 7

Atkinson–Shiffrin’s multi-store model of memory

What is sensory memory?

Answer 7

Sensory memory is the entry point for information into memory. We have a sensory store for each of our five senses.

Question 8

Brain regions involved in the storage of long-term memories

What is the role of the Cerebral Cortex?

• 🌍
• ⛺
• 👁

Answer 8

• Heavily involved in explicit/declarative memory processes
• Episodic memories tend to be stored in the frontal lobe and temporal lobe
• Components of our memories (visual images, sound) are stored in areas through the cerebral cortex

Question 9

Brain regions involved in the storage of long-term memories

What is the role of the Hippocampus?

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• 🙅‍♀️
• 😭🗺

Answer 9

• Role is to consolidate memories (turn STM into LTM) specifically for explicit/declarative memories
• NOT involved in implicit memories
• It also has a role in emotional memory as well as spatial memory

Question 10

Atkinson–Shiffrin’s multi-store model of memory

(Sensory information) Iconic memory,

• Duration?
• Capacity?
• Form?

Answer 10

• 1/3 of a second
• All objects in the visual field
• Raw visual image

Question 11

Brain regions involved in the storage of long-term memories

What is the role of the Amygdala?
Hint
-🚵‍♀️
-😡

Answer 11

• Involved in the formation of procedural (implicit) memories
• Involved in emotional memory and links emotions and emotional responses to declarative/explicit memories.

*

It helps increase the memorability of experiences as we can remember them by the emotions we experienced at the time the memory was formed.

Question 12

Atkinson–Shiffrin’s multi-store model of memory

What is short-term memory?

• Duration?
• Capacity?
• Form?

Answer 12

Type of memory involving limited capacity and temporary storage information.

18 to 30 seconds, if not rehearsed
Limited to 7±2 items
Very verbal

Question 13

Atkinson–Shiffrin’s multi-store model of memory

What is long-term memory?

• Duration?
• Capacity?
• Form?

Answer 13

A relatively permanent memory system that holds vast amounts of information for a long period of time.

May be unlimited
May be unlimited
Elaborative, according to meaning

Question 14

Atkinson–Shiffrin’s multi-store model of memory

(Long-term memory)
What is procedural memory?

What is implicit memories?

Answer 14

Memory of actions and skills that have been learnt previously.

Information you remember unconsciously and effortlessly.

Question 15

Atkinson–Shiffrin’s multi-store model of memory

(Long-term memory)
What is declarative memory?

What is explicit memories?

Answer 15

Memory of specific facts, events, or general knowledge that can be brought consciously to mind.
Information you have to consciously work to remember.

Question 16

Atkinson–Shiffrin’s multi-store model of memory

(Declarative memory)
What is episodic memory?

What is semantic memory?

Answer 16

Holds information about specific events or personal experiences.

Stores information we have about the world.

Question 17

Methods to retrieve information from memory or demonstrate the existence of information in memory

Define recognition

Answer 17

Recognition involves identifying (‘recognising’) the original, learnt information.

Question 18

Methods to retrieve information from memory or demonstrate the existence of information in memory

Define relearning

Answer 18

Learning information again that has previously been learned and stored in LTM

Question 19

Methods to retrieve information from memory or demonstrate the existence of information in memory

Define reconstruction

Answer 19

The process of integrating stored information with other that is available to form a more coherent, complete, or accurate memory.

Question 20

Factors influencing ability and inability to remember

Define context dependent cues

Answer 20

Cues in the external environment

The place/setting in which a memory was formed acts as a retrieval cue for the desired information.

Question 21

Factors influencing ability and inability to remember

Define state dependant cues

Answer 21

Cues in the internal environment - the psychological or physiological condition in which a memory was made acts as a retrieval cue for the desired information

Question 22

Atkinson–Shiffrin’s multi-store model of memory

(Sensory information) Echoic memory,

• Duration?
• Capacity?
• Form?

Answer 22

• Lasts 3 to 4 seconds
• Unlimited
• Raw sounds of speech, nature, etc.

Question 23

Brain regions involved in the storage of long-term memories

What is the role of the cerebellum?

• 🚵‍♀️
• 🏃‍♂️

Answer 23

• Procedural memories are processed, encoded, and stored by the cerebellum.
• It also plays a role in memory of how to perform a motor skill.

Question 24

Methods to retrieve information from memory or demonstrate the existence of information in memory

What is recall?

Answer 24

Recall involves reproducing information stored in memory.

You bring the information into conscious awareness and doing so provides evidence that something previously learned was retained.

Question 25

Methods to retrieve information from memory or demonstrate the existence of information in memory

(Recall) Define free recall.

Answer 25

Free recall involves reproducing as much information as possible in no particular order without the use of any specific cue.

Question 26

Methods to retrieve information from memory or demonstrate the existence of information in memory

(Recall) Define serial recall.

Answer 26

Serial recall involves reproducing information in the order in which it was learned.

I.E telling a friend about an overseas holiday and recall the names of the cities in the order in which you visited them.

Question 27

Methods to retrieve information from memory or demonstrate the existence of information in memory

(Recall) Define cued recall.

Answer 27

Cued recall involves the use of specific prompts (‘cues’) to aid retrieval and therefore reproduction of the required information, ie first letter of a word is given.

Question 28

Factors influencing ability and inability to remember

What is serial position effect?

Answer 28

The serial position effect is a research finding that free recall is better for items at the end and beginning of the list than for items in the middle of the list.

Question 29

Factors influencing ability and inability to remember

(Serial position effect)

• Primary effect
• Recency effect

Answer 29

The primacy effect describes superior recall of items at the beginning of a list.
The recency effect describes superior recall of items at the end of a list.