Psychology Unit 2 Learning

Question 1

What is learning?

Answer 1

a process that produces a change in behavior or knowledge as a result of experience.

Question 2

classical conditioning

Answer 2

pairing a neutral stimulus with a response stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the same response.

Question 3

Who was Ivan Pavlov?

Answer 3

Russian physiologist who discovered classical conditioning through his work on digestion in dogs

Question 4

what did Ivan Pavlov notice?

Answer 4

he noticed dogs salivating before he put food in front of them

Question 5

What is Pavlov’s experiment?

Answer 5

used a bell as a neutral stimulus to elicit dogs to salivate.

Question 6

Condition stimulus

Answer 6

a neutral stimulus that ultimately elicits a reflexive response

Question 7

unconditioned response

Answer 7

a natural stimulus that creates a response without prior learning

Question 8

when is conditioning most effective?

Answer 8

when the conditioned response is presented right before the unconditioned response

Question 9

acquisition

Answer 9

the gradually learning of a response to a conditioning stimulus

Question 10

Extinction

Answer 10

the diminishing of a conditioned response

Question 11

spontaneous recovery

Answer 11

the reappearance, after a pause, of a diminished conditioned response

Question 12

Generalization

Answer 12

responding similarly to a range of similar stimuli

Question 13

Discrimination

Answer 13

the ability to distinguish between a specific conditioned stimulus and other stimuli

Question 14

taste aversions

Answer 14

when eat a specific food and get sick you will have an aversion to that food

Question 15

what did John Garcia discover

Answer 15

that animals seem to be better prepared to associate an illness with a taste vs a location, person or object

Question 16

what is operant conditioning and who discovered it

Answer 16

behavior that is shaped by consequences

discovered by E.L Thorndike.

Question 17

who developed the puzzle box

Answer 17

E.L Thorndike

Question 18

What is the law of effect?

Answer 18

rewarded behavior is likely to recur

punished behavior is likely to not persist

Question 19

what did B.F Skinner study

Answer 19

how animals acquire voluntary behaviors

Question 20

what is reinforcement

Answer 20

any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Question 21

positive reinforcement

Answer 21

increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli

Question 22

negative reinforcement

Answer 22

increasing behaviors by taking away negative stimuli

Question 23

primary reinforcement

Answer 23

a naturally reinforcing stimulus

Question 24

secondary reinforcement

Answer 24

any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer

Question 25

partial reinforcement

Answer 25

reinforcing a response only part of the time

Question 26

what are the 4 types of partial reinforcements?

Answer 26

fixed ratio variable ratio fixed interval variable interval

Question 27

variable ratio

Answer 27

reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

Question 28

fixed interval

Answer 28

reinforces a response at predictable time intervals

Question 29

variable interval

Answer 29

reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

Question 30

fixed ratio

Answer 30

reinforces a response after a predictable number of responses

Question 31

What is punishment?

Answer 31

an event that decreases the behavior that it follows

Question 32

Who was B.F. Skinner?

Answer 32

the most influential psychologist of the 20th century who discovered operant conditioning and reinforcement.

Question 33

When is punishment most effective?

Answer 33

when it is immediate, consistent, and strong

Question 34

what did Edward Tolman experiment with?

Answer 34

he put rats in a maze and rewarded them with food

Question 35

what did Edward Tolman discover in his experiment?

Answer 35

he discovered that rats got better and faster the more they went into the maze and built a cognitive map of the maze.

Question 36

what is a cognitive map?

Answer 36

mental representation of an area

Question 37

what did Edward Tolman conclude?

Answer 37

rewards are not necessary for learning but they did effect performance

Question 38

What is latent learning?

Answer 38

learning that is stored for later use.

Question 39

What is observational learning?

Answer 39

learning that occurs through action

Question 40

Who was Albert Bandura?

Answer 40

psychologist who experimented with observational learning through aggression in small children.

Question 41

Who was Wolfgang Kohler?

Answer 41

observed chimps, while hanging bananas from the ceiling, and placing tools and boxes around the floor.

Question 42

What is insight?

Answer 42

learning that happens quickly.