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psychology > psychology - UNIT1AOS2 > Flashcards

psychology - UNIT1AOS2 Flashcards

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1
Q

hindbrain:

A

the region at the base of the brain, located around and including some of the brainstem. its responsible for coordinating basic survival functions including movement, breathing rates, heart rates and digestion. it is the first brain region to develop.

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2
Q

pons:

A

relays info between different brain areas, acting as a bridge by transmitting info between different areas. has an important role in regulating the respiratory system and controlling sleep, dreaming and waking, as well as involuntary behaviours, such as blinking.

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3
Q

medulla:

A

a mass of neutrons that primarily function to regulate autonomic processes such as respiration, heart rate, blood pressure and digestion. has an important role in initiating actions including coughing, sneezing and vomiting. it connects the brain to the spinal cord, creating a pathway through which neural signals are transmitted.

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4
Q

cerebellum:

A

primarily functions to monitor and coordinate skeletal muscle movements. it received info about the position of the body in space, and planned motor movements from other brain regions. it uses this info to calculate how to move smoothly, then communicates this motor info to the skeletal muscles which carry out the movements. its also involved in maintaining balance and posture, and controlling voluntary movements involving sequences, forming and consolidating procedural memories about how to perform movements.

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5
Q

midbrain:

A

a region at the centre of the brain, between the hindbrain and forebrain and is part of the brainstem. it is responsible for relaying info between the hindbrain and forebrain, between structurally higher brain areas and the spinal cord. every sensory or motor message that is transmitted between the brain and spinal cord passes through it, such as processing sensory info, coordinating motor movements relating to sensory stimuli and regulating sleep and psychological arousal.

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6
Q

reticular formation:

A

a network of neutrons located predominately in. the midbrain and extends along the brainstem. it filters neural info that is travelling to the brain and directs these messages to various areas/ structures of the brain, integrating and relaying neural info relating to survival and reflective functions, regulates sleep, wakefulness and consciousness and regulates psychological arousal and alternates through the reticular activating system.

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7
Q

forebrain:

A

the forebrain is a large and predominate brain region that is located at the top and front of the brain. it has an important role in sophisticated mental processes, including cognition, perception, learning, language and memory. this region is highly complex and contains extremely intricate neural networked, which enables these higher order functions to occur.

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8
Q

cerebrum:

A

a large expanse of brain mater and the largest structure in the human brain. its divided into two cerebral hemispheres which are connected by the corpus callous. it has a crucial role in various mental processes and behaviours such as coordinating sophisticated mental processes including cognition, perception, judgement, language and problem solving, performing complex functions including receiving and processing sensory info and inviting voluntary motto movements.

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9
Q

hypothalamus:

A

functions to maintain optimal biological functioning by regulating internal processes including hormonal levels. hunger, thirst, body temp and blood pressure. thus, it has an important role in maintaining homeostasis, which is the balanced state that our bodies experience at rest. it is a component of the limbic system, which has a role in functions relating to emotional and motivated behaviours, such as pleasure seeking or pain averting behaviours as well as being active when you experience emotions in response to environmental stimuli.

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10
Q

thalamus:

A

functions as a filtering system and relay centre for sensory info, excluding smells detected by the nose. has an important role in attention, ensuring only the most relevant info is received by the brains higher areas. also relays motor signals between higher and lower areas involved in motor control and through connections with the reticular formation, it is involved in regulating arousal, activity and alterness.

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11
Q

cerebral cortex:

A

the outerlauer of the cerebrum that covers the brain. it has multiple roles in behavioural and mental process and involved in the initiation of voluntary motor movements and processing sensory info. its also involved in mental processes including language sensation, perception, problem solving, judgement and the regulation of emotions.

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12
Q

motor areas:

A

regions of the cerebral cortex that have functions related to initiating and executing motor movements.

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13
Q

sensory areas:

A

regions of the cerebral cortex that have functions relating to receiving and processing info from the five senses.

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14
Q

association areas:

A

regions of the cerebral cortex that integrate info from both motor and sensory areas to execute complex processes.

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15
Q

the frontal lobe:

A

the largest and frontmost love that is composed of motor and association areas.

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16
Q

the prefrontal cortex:

A

has an important role in coordinating complex mental processes including; logic and reasoning, judgement, decision-making, personality, planning,problemsolving, symbolic thought and expression and regulation of emotion. also involved in voluntary motor movements by using its executive functions to recognise when a motor movement should be initiated and plans this movement, then sends this info to the premotor cortex.

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17
Q

the premotor cortex:

A

involved in voluntary motor movements. after receiving planned motor movements from the prefrontal cortex, it processes this info into an organised sequence of motions, then sends this sequence to the primary motor cortex.

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18
Q

the primary motor cortex:

A

has an important role in initiating voluntary movements. it received the sequence of motions from the premotor cortex then signals to the cerebellum to relay this motor info to the skeletal muscles which carry out this movement, thus it is responsible for controlling skeletal muscle movements.

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19
Q

brocas area:

A

is only located in the left frontal lobe and is responsible for the production of speech. it coordinated muscle movements required to produce fluent speech.

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20
Q

parietal lobe:

A

the lobe of the cerebral cortex located behind the frontal love and is composed of sensory and association areas.

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21
Q

primary somatosensory cortex:

A

has an important role in reviving ans processing sensory info, such as touch, temperature, pressure and pain. its organised in such a way that the top receives sensations from lower regions of the body and vice versa.

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22
Q

association areas of the parietal lobe:

A

the association areas are involved in attention, spatial awareness and reasoning.

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23
Q

occipital lobe:

A

the rearmost lobe of the cerebral cortex, located behind the parietal love and is composed of sensory and association areas.

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24
Q

primary visual cortex:

A

has an important role in reviving and processing visual info. sensory receptors located on the retina of the eyes receive visual info from the visual field, this info is then sent to the primary visual cortex via the optic nerve, where it is then processed.

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25
association areas of the occipital lobe:
the association areas are involved in visual perception and interpretation. after the primary visual cortex processes visual info, it organised and integrates it with other info to enable meaningful perception and interpretation.
26
temporal lobe:
the lowest lobe of the cerebral cortex, located beneath the parietal love and is composed of sensory and association areas.
27
primary auditory cortex:
has an important role in reviving and processing auditory info. the primary auditory cortex in the left cerebral hemisphere processes verbal sounds, eg spoken words, while the primary cortex in the right hemisphere processes nonverbal sounds, eg music.
28
Wernicke's area:
its only located in the left temporal lobe and is responsible for the comprehension of speech, enabling the understanding of spoken language and involved in the production of meaningful and coherent speech.
29
association areas of the temporal lobe:
involved in memory and the expression of appropriate emotional responses.
30
specialisation of the left cerebral hemisphere:
the left cerebral hemisphere specialises in language comprehension, language expression, and logical and analytical thinking.
31
specialisation of the right cerebral hemisphere:
the right cerebral hemisphere specialises in visual recognition of objects, spatial awareness, and creativity.
32
primary gustatory cortex:
is located in the parietal lobe, and is responsible for receiving and processing tastes.
33
primary olfactory cortex:
Is located predominantly in the frontal lobe and parts of the temporal lobe, and is responsible for receiving and processing smells.
34
psychology:
the scientific study of tar human mental states and behaviours.
35
the brain vs heart debate:
the debate as to whether the heart or the brain is responsible for mental processes, such as thought, emotion and behaviour. the heart side of the debate believed that ones soul and mind, personality, logic and emotion originated from the heart. the brain side beleived that the brain was solely responsible for mental functions, including personality and logic.
36
mind - body problem:
the complex philosophical question as to whether our mind is separate and distinguishable from or body or whether they are one integrated entity.
37
dualism:
the belief that the human mind and body are seperate and distinguishable from one another.
38
monism:
the belief that the human mind and body are together as a singular complete entity.
39
phrenology:
the study of the shape and size of the human skull to determine personality and mental functioning. this theory believed that a human personality, intelligence and mental functioning could be measured by the bumps, grooves and shapes of the skull. phrenology is a pseudoscience( not factual).
40
localisation of function:
the idea that certain areas of the brain are responsible for specific functions.
41
ablation:
the surgical remove, destruction or cutting of a region of brain tissue. it is a ireeeverible produced that has historically been used to treat neurological and psychological disorders, as well as to help researchers determine how the brain responds to damage and make inferences about localisations of function.
42
brain lesioning:
the practice of inducing and/or studying the effects of damage to an area of the brain. Such damage can be surgically created by a researcher or can be the result of an illness or injury, such as brain damage incurred by a stroke. the study of brain lesions helps psychologists to make inferences about the functions of specific brain regions by observing how brain damage affects these functions.
43
split brain research:
a surgery where the left and right brain hemispheres are separated by cutting the corpus callosum. This surgery was conducted as a means of preventing patients' epileptic seizures which had proven to be severe and uncontrollable by other means. To investigate the effects of such surgery, Sperry and Gazzaniga conducted experiments. It was known that vision is processed contralaterally, meaning that words and objects in the left visual field are sent to the right side of the brain for processing and vice versa.
44
Neuroimaging:
A range of techniques used to capture images of the brain's structure, function, and activities
45
computerised tomography(CT):
primarily used for disease or disorder detection rather than for research.Developed in the 1970s, is a neuroimaging technique that involves taking continuous two-dimensional x-rav images of the brain which are then stacked to Create a comprenensive three-dimensional image of the brain. To get these images, an individual must first ingest a dye called 'contrast' which allows their brain to be visible in scans. The individual then enters a gantry, while Iying horizontally on a bed. Successive x-rav images are taken in a spiralling motion as the individual in the bed moves slowly through the gantry.
46
benefits of a ct
Enables the detection of haemorrhases blood clots. cancer and the loss of brain mass that can reflect disorders. Do not need to be used as frequently as other kinds of neuroimoins techniques. oiven how comprehensive CT scans are as they develon multiple images of the entire bod or brain
47
limitations of a ct:
They can be a somewhat intrusive process for the patient. The images are limited to black and white and aren't as detailed as images from neuroimaoing techniques X-ravs use electromaonetic ionising radiation which when used excessive v. has the potential to have biological consequences. such as causing cancers
48
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):
primarily used for disease or disorder detection. Is a neuroimaging technique that uses magnetic and radio fields to take detailed two-dimensional and three-dimensional images of the brain. To obtain an MRI image a person enters a chamber device that contains a big magnet. The magnetic field generated by the device causes the brain's atoms to move and organise in such a way that they send signals which can be captured as an image by a computer. Importantly, an MRI is a device that uses a magnetic field to take its images, as opposed to a CT scanner. which uses x-rav imaging.
49
benefits of an MRI:
Are less hamfil to natients than CT scans because MRI devices use a maonetic field rather than X-raws Produce more detailed, coloured images of the brain than the images nroduced by CT scans
50
limitations of an MRI:
Due to relving on magnetic fields. an MRI cannot be used on a verson with internal screws. pacemakers. or other similar devices.
51
position emission tomography:
a neauoimaging technique that used a scanning devise to take coloured images of the brain, showing its functional activity by tracing the levels of a radioactive substance in the brain.
51
functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI):
a neuroimaging technique that used magnetic and radio fields to take two and three- dimensional images of the brain and records its activity levels.
52
brain:
a complex organ contained within the skull that coordinated mental processes and behaviours, and regulates bodily activity.
53
neuron:
the neuron nerve cell is the building bock of the nervous system. the role of the neuron is to receive and transmit neural info, and coordinate a response.
54
sensory neuron:
a nerve cell that detects and sends messages from sense organs and receptors sites to high brain centres via the spinal cord.
55
motor neuron:
a specialised neuron that carries messages away from the central nervous system towards the muscles, organs and glands, enabling bodily movements and activating internal organs and glandular secretions.
56
interneuron:
a neuron that transmits info within the central nervous system and interconnects messages from sensory and motor neurons.
57
synapses:
the region that includes the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron, the synaptic gap and the dendrites of the post synaptic neuron.
58
neuroplasticity:
the ability of the brain to change in response to experiences or environmental stimulation.
59
developmental plasticity:
occurs in response to the learning associated with maturation.
60
adaptive plasticity:
occurs in response to brain trauma or injury.
61
synaptogenisis:
the formation of new synapses between neurons as axon terminals and dendrites multiple and grow.
62
synaptic pruning:
the elimination of underused synapses.
63
myelination:
the formation of myelin around the axon of a neuron.
64
brain trauma:
damage to the brain that is caused by an external source. when brain trauma occurs, neurons die, neural pathways are interrupted, excessive accumulation of neurotransmitters that can lead to neuronal death and damage to neurons responsible for specific tasks.
65
brain injury:
any damage to the brain that imparts or interferes with the normal function of the brain; temporarily or permanently.
66
acquired brain injury:
any brain injury that occurs before or after death.
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developmental brain injury:
develops before birth.
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sudden onset brain injury:
brain injury due to drugs, infection or a knock to the head.
69
insidious onset brain injury:
brain injury due to prolonged use of alcohol, substances or a mass in the Brain.
70
neurodegenerative diseases:
where the brain gradually becomes damaged.
71
biological changes:
physical changes with motor activity, and movement may be reduced, eg paralysed.
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psychological changes:
changes in emotional/ personality/ cognition or behaviour, eg impulsive behaviour.
73
social changes:
breakdown in relationships or unable to form new ones and an inability to recognise social cues.
74
neurological disorder:
neurological disorders are characterised as any damage to or malfunctioning of the nervous system. eg parkinsons disease.
75
emerging research:
refers to new or developing research areas, methods or practices. eg the gut brain axis.
75
contemporary research:
research that is current and has been supported by recent evidence or developed in the last 10 years.
76
the gut brain axis:
refers to the bidirectional connection between the gut and the brain, through multiple parts of the nervous system, the brain influences gut functioning based on physical and psychological stressors. the gut can influence the brain through gut microbiota.
77
chronic traumatic encephalopathy:
a progressive and fatal brain disease associated with repeated head injuries and concussions.
78
concussion:
a mild form of traumatic brain injury that temporarily disrupts brain functioning.
79
symptoms of cte:
impaired cognitive functioning, memory loss, depression, difficulty with attention and concentration, changes in behaviour, anxiety, paranoia and changes in mood.
80

psychology (2 decks)

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