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Psychology 2 exam > Psychology2 exam > Flashcards

Psychology2 exam Flashcards

1
Q

Focusing on specific information while ignoring other information

A

What is selective attention

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2
Q

Failing to detect available stimuli due to selective attention

A

What is inattentional blindness?

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3
Q

Failing to detect changes in stimuli due to selective attention

A

What is change blindness

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4
Q

Our biological clocks (controlled by hypothalamus), provides approximate schedule for physical processes

A

What are circadian rhythms

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5
Q

Sensitive to changes in light

A

What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

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6
Q

How does light affect the SCN, and how are the pineal gland and melatonin involved in our sleep-wake cycle?

A

If it is dark, the SCN directs the pineal gland to secrete melatonin, and when it is light out, the SCN directs the pineal gland to stop secreting melatonin.

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7
Q

What is the effect of artificial lighting on our melatonin production?

A

It can interfere with our circadian rhythm, and cause our melatonin production to decrease

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8
Q

What is N-REM sleep?

A

Non-rapid eye movement sleep, consisting of 3 stages

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9
Q

What is N1?

A

Light sleep, right when you go to bed, don’ t know they are asleep.

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10
Q

What is a hypnagogic jerk?

A

A sudden and strong involuntary twitch or muscle contraction, that occurs while an individual is beginning to fall asleep.

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11
Q

What is a hypnagogic hallucination?

A

A vivid visual, auditory, tactile, or even kinetic perception that, like sleep paralysis, occurs during the transitions between wakefulness and REM sleep. Images that people are experiencing

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12
Q

What is N2?

A

True Sleep, brain activity slows, reductions in heart rate and muscle tensions

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13
Q

What is N3?

A

Deep sleep

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14
Q

What happens during N3?

A

Further slowing of brain activity, hard to awake, growth hormones released from pituitary gland

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15
Q

What is REM sleep?

A

Rapid eye movement, brain waves resemble wakefulness

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16
Q

What happens during REM sleep?

A

Eyes move back and forth, HR BP and breathing are rapid or irregular, dreams

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17
Q

What is the meaning of “paradoxical sleep?

A

Although the body is motionless, the brain waves are firing like crazy

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18
Q

What is sleep paralysis?

A

When you can’t move while dreaming, Pons send messages to stop our muscles from moving

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19
Q

What are the theories of sleep?

A

a. Evolutionary/adaptive Protection, not to go out and vulnerable to predators in the dark
b. Restorative Sleep supports growth and healing
c. Information processing Sleep supports cognitive processes, supports learning and restores and rebuilds memory

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20
Q

What are the effects of sleep deprivation on mood?

A

Irritability, mood disruption, increased risk of depression, increased risk of obesity

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21
Q

What are the theories explaining dreaming?

A

Freudian Dreams stem from unconscious thoughts

Activation synthesis Brain’s internally generated signals form dreams, dreams come from random neurons firing in the brain, where the content of our dreams come from

Information processing Memories of events form dreams

Preserving neural pathways Purpose of dreaming is to provide brain stimulation

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22
Q

What is manifest content?

A

The actual images in the dreams

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23
Q

What is latent content?

A

The unconscious thoughts, feelings, and wishes behind the manifest content

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24
Q

Activation synthesis

A

Brain’s internally generated signals form dreams, dreams come from random neurons firing in the brain, where the content of our dreams come from

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25
Q

Information processing

A

Memories of events form dreams

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26
Q

Preserving neural pathways

A

Purpose of dreaming is to provide brain stimulation

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27
Q

What are the ways in which behavior geneticists can determine the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors to traits and behavior?

A

Adoption studies Compare adopted children to adoptive families and biological families

Twin studies (monozygotic vs. dizygotic) Compare pairs of monozygotic and same-sex dizygotic twins
Monozygotic? Share 100% of genes
Dizygotic? Share 50% genes (on average)

Adoption twin studies Compare MZ twins separated in infancy and MZ twins reared together

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28
Q

What are the primitive reflexes (e.g., rooting)?

A

Sucking - if you put something in their mouth they will suck, Rooting - when you touch their cheek and they turn towards it, Moro - loud noise will be startled and flail their arms, Grasping - squeezing anything that touches their palm, Babinski - if you stroke their feet then their toes will spread and curl

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29
Q

What was Piaget’s approach to cognitive development?

A

Children understand the world with schemas/schemas - mental categories

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30
Q

What are assimilation?

A

Fitting new information into the present system of knowledge. Ex. Child calls anyone that was an adult with short hair “dad” whether right or wrong

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31
Q

accommodation?

A

As a result of new information, change existing schemas

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32
Q

What are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?

A

Sensorimotor - birth to 2 years, looking sucking touching

Preoperational - 2 to 7

Concrete operational 7 to 11, can understand conservation

Formal operational Age 11 to adulthood, Abstract and systematic reasoning, thinking about future possibilities

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33
Q

What is object permanence?

A

Understanding that something continues to exist even when it cannot be seen
(part of sensorimotor stage

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34
Q

What is egocentrism?

A

Only use own frame of reference, can’t see someone else’s perspective
(preoperational)

35
Q

What is animistic thinking?

A

Attributes life to objects, thinking things have feelings

part of preoperational

36
Q

What is conservation?

A

Understanding that physical properties do not change when appearance changes
(part of preoperational)

37
Q

What is reversibility?

A

Idea that a stimulus that has changed can return to its original state
(Concrete operational)

38
Q

What is transitivity?

A

Understanding how components in a series are related, (if A>B and B>C, then A>C)
(concrete operational)

39
Q

What is Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development?

A

Cognitive development results from guidance

40
Q

What is the zone of proximal development?

A

Level at which child can almost perform a task independently

41
Q

What is scaffolding?

A

Teacher adjusts amount of support to child’s level of development

42
Q

What is theory of mind?

A

Understanding of how other people think

43
Q

What was the band-aid box study?

A

Kids shown band-aid box asked what was inside, kids were surprised to find pencils in box

44
Q

What is Erik Erikson’s stage theory of social development?

A

Changes in interpersonal thought, feeling, and behavior

45
Q

What are the major challenges in each stage of erik eriksons stage theory of social development? (first 4 stages for now)

A

Trust vs. mistrust If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt Toddlers learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities.Independence and self control
Initiative vs. guilt Am I good or bad?
Industry vs. inferiority Sense of competence or inadequacy

46
Q

What were the results of Harlow’s studies of infant attachment?

A

It showed that soft contact is important to development

47
Q

How did Mary Ainsworth study attachment?

A

What were her resulting attachment styles?
Secure Child who is upset when parents leave and happy when parents return
What is a secure base? Someone who the child trust and could go to
Insecure-anxious/ambivalent Upset when parents left and did not calm when parents return
Insecure-avoidant No reaction to parents leaving and coming back

48
Q

What contributes to attachment styles (e.g., temperament)?

A

Temperament, stressful home life, parenting

49
Q

What are the later correlates of infant attachment style (e.g., size of vocabulary)?

A

Size of vocabulary, interpersonal interactions, emotions

50
Q

What was Langlois et al.’s (1995) study?

A

Infants rated for attractiveness, more attractive meant more affection and attention

51
Q

What are Baumrind’s 2 dimensions of parenting?

A

Warmth(responsiveness) and control(demandingness)

52
Q

What are the resulting 4 parenting styles?

A

Authoritative - high warmth, high control, not overly demanding or hostile, child centered
Authoritarian low warmth, high control, very controlling and demanding, very restrictive and lots of rules
Permissive high warmth, low control, very few rules and restrictions
Uninvolved low warmth, low control, least effective and most detrimental

53
Q

How do parenting styles predict later outcomes?

A

Authoritative - most optimal meaning higher grades and cooperation. Authoritarian - lower grades and lower self-esteem. Permissive - easily frustrated and low self-control. Uninvolved(neglectful) - low self-esteem, emotionally detached

54
Q

What is Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

A

Cognitive capabilities determine development of moral reasoning.

55
Q

What is Kohlberg’s theory of moral development? What are his 3 stages?

A

Cognitive capabilities determine development of moral reasoning.

Preconventional Avoid punishment or to gain reward

Conventional “Good boy” morality, “Law and order”

Postconventional Individual principles and conscience

56
Q

What is the Heinz dilemma?

A

Whether to steal a drug to help a dying wife or let her die.

57
Q

What is delay of gratification?

A

Ability to forego smaller, immediate reward for greater rewards later

58
Q

What was the marshmallow test?

A

Test if kids would pick 1 marshmallow immediately, or 2 marshmallows later

59
Q

What are Erik Erikson’s last 4 stages of social development? What is the challenge in each?

A

Identity vs. confusion (5th stage) Stable sense of who one is and what one’s values are or identity confusion

Identity - who am I? Where do I belong?

Intimacy vs. isolation established enduring, committed relationships, not always romantic

Generativity vs. stagnation (midlife) Generativity - Generate things that contribute to the future of society. Stagnation - see life as meaningless

Integrity vs. despair (late life) Ego integrity - feeling that one’s life has coherence and purpose. Despair - disappointment, regret

60
Q

What is the socioemotional selectivity theory?

A

Model of social activity, very close relationships are maintained and superficial relationships filtered out

61
Q

What is a critical period (3b (3.3.1))?

A

a period early in life when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences is needed for proper development

62
Q

What are sensation and perception?

A

Sensation - Process by which sensory organs obtain information about the environment and transmit it to the brain. Perception - the organization of sensations into interpretations

63
Q

What is transduction?

A

Translation of physical energy into electrical signals

64
Q

What are bottom-up and top-down processing?

A

Starts with raw sensory data that gets communicated to the brain. Starts with observer’s expectations and knowledge

65
Q

What are absolute thresholds?

A

Minimal amount of stimulation that can be detected half of the time

66
Q

What are difference thresholds (the jnd)?

A

The smallest difference in intensity between 2 stimuli that a person can detect

67
Q

What is Weber’s law (fraction)?

A

For 2 stimuli to be perceived as different in intensity, the second must differ from the first by a constant proportion.

68
Q

What is sensory adaptation?

A

Decreasing response of sensory receptors to unchanging stimuli

69
Q

What is signal detection theory?

A

Perception results from both sensory information and making a judgment that willl determine if we think that something is there or not

70
Q

What is response bias?

A

Person’s readiness to report detecting a stimulus

71
Q

What are hits, misses, false alarms, and correct rejections?

A

Hit is when there is a signal and you say there is. Miss is when there is a signal and you don’t say there is. False alarm is when there is no signal but you say there is. Correct rejection is when there is no signal and you say there is not.

72
Q

What factors affect response bias

A

Expectations you expect something to happen and then give the wrong response

Motivation How important is it to you that you detect something if it is possibly there

73
Q

What is the Gestalt approach?

A

We perceive objects as whole rather than as a sum of the individual parts

74
Q

What is figure-ground perception?

A

We inherently distinguish between object and background

75
Q

What are grouping principles?

A

Proximity we tend to group together objects that are close to one another

Similarity we tend to group together objects that are similar to one another

Continuity brain organizes stimuli into continuous lines or patterns

Closure We tend to perceive incomplete figures as complete

76
Q

What are binocular and monocular cues for depth?

A

Binocular is when the visual input is integrated from 2 eyes. Monocular cues is when you can only use 1 eye

77
Q

What is retinal (binocular) disparity?

A

Images produce different images on each retina

78
Q

What is convergence?

A

Turning inward of eyes toward nearby object

79
Q

What are relative size, relative clarity, and linear perspective?

A

Relative size - the farther away the object the smaller it looks. Relative clarity - the farther away something is the less clear it is. Linear perspective - with parallel lines they look like they are closer as they move away.

80
Q

What is perceptual constancy?

A

Interpretation of changing sensations as perception that is relatively consistent

81
Q

Color constancy

A

Consistent perception of color of objects although the amount of light changes

82
Q

Lightness constancy

A

Consistent perception of shade of objects although the amount of light changes

83
Q

Shape constancy

A

Perception that object’s shape remains constant despite changes shape of retinal image

84
Q

Size constancy

A

Perception that the size of objects remain constant despite different sizes of images on the retina.

Psychology 2 exam (1 decks)

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