psychopathology

Question 1

Defining abnormality in terms of statistics

Answer 1

The most obvious way to define anything as ‘normal’ or ‘abnormal is in terms of the number of times it is observed

Question 2

Behaviour that is seen as rare is what?

Answer 2

Abnormal

Question 3

What is deviation from social norms

Answer 3

Abnormality is based on social context

society make collective judgements about ‘correct’ behaviours.

Question 4

One strength of statistical infrequency

Answer 4

Real-world application, useful in diagnosis

Question 5

One limitation of statistical infrequency

Answer 5

Unusual characteristics can be positive (IQ 130)

Question 6

One strength of Deviation from social norms

Answer 6

Real world application, diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder + schizo = useful for psychiatric diagnosis

Question 7

one limitation of Deviation from social norms

Answer 7

situationally and culturally relative

Question 8

Failure to function adequately

Answer 8

Inability to cope with everyday life

Question 9

Rosenhan and Seligman proposed further signs of failure to cope

Answer 9

• -> They no longer conform to interpersonal rules
• -> They experience severe personal distress
• -> They behave in a way that is irrational or dangerous

Question 10

Johoda listed 8 Criteria

Answer 10

1. We have no symptoms or distress
2. We are rational and perceive ourselves accurately
3. We self-actualise
4. We can cope with stress
5. We have realistic view of the world
6. We have good self-esteem and lack of guilt
7. We are independent
8. We can successfully work, love and enjoy our leisure

Question 11

Johoda listed 8 Criteria

Answer 11

1. We have no symptoms or distress
2. We are rational and perceive ourselves accurately
3. We self-actualise
4. We can cope with stress
5. We have realistic view of the world
6. We have good self-esteem and lack of guilt
7. We are independent
8. We can successfully work, love and enjoy our leisure

Question 12

Behavioural characteristics of Phobias

Answer 12

Panic
Avoidance
Endurance

Question 13

Emotional characteristics of Phobias

Answer 13

Anxiety
Fear
Emotional response is unreasonable

Question 14

Cognitive characteristics of Phobias

Answer 14

Selective attention to phobic stimulus
Irrational beliefs
Cognitive distortion

Question 15

Behavioural characteristics of depression

Answer 15

Low activity levels
Disruption to sleep and eating behaviour
Aggression and self-harm

Question 16

Emotional characteristics of depression

Answer 16

lowered mood
anger
lowered self esteem

Question 17

Behavioural characteristic of OCD

Answer 17

Compulsions are repetitive
Compulsions reduce anxiety
Avoidance

Question 18

Behavioural characteristic of OCD

Answer 18

Compulsions are repetitive
Compulsions reduce anxiety
Avoidance

Question 19

Emotional characteristics of OCD

Answer 19

Anxiety and distress
Depression
Guilt and disgust

Question 20

Cognitive characteristics of OCD

Answer 20

Obsessive thoughts
Cognitive coping strategies
Insight into excessive anxiety

Question 21

The two-process model

Answer 21

Mower argued that phobias are learned by classical conditioning and then maintained by operant conditioning.

Question 22

Classical conditioning involves …

Answer 22

Association - UCS, NS, CS

Question 23

Little albert proved what about fear of other stimuli

Answer 23

The generalisation of fear to other stimuli, fear f other white furry objects

Question 24

If someone has a morbid fear of clowns and avoids circuses where they may encounter clowns what is this?

Answer 24

Negative reinforcement

Question 25

What does systematic desensitisation aim to do? BA treating Phobia

Answer 25

Aims to gradually reduce anxiety through counterbalancing

Question 26

What do client and therapist create in order to battle the phobia? BA treating phobia

Answer 26

Formation of a anxiety hierarchy - In order of least to most frightening

Question 27

What is flooding? BA treating Phobia

Answer 27

Involves exposing a person with a phobia with the phobic object without a gradual build-up.

Question 28

How does extinction work? BA treating Phobia

Answer 28

without the option of avoidance behaviour, the person quickly learns that the phobic object is harmless through the exhaustion of their fear response.

Question 29

Who came up with the negative triad? CA explaining depression

Answer 29

Beck (1967)

Question 30

Are some people more prone to depression, if so why? CA explaining depression

Answer 30

YES - because of faulty information processing

Question 31

What are the 3 elements to the negative triad? CA explaining depression

Answer 31

1. Negative View of the world 2. Negative view of the future 3. Negative view of the self

Question 32

What did Ellis (1962) create? CA explaining depression

Answer 32

ABC Model

Question 33

What are the 3 elements of the ABC model? CA explaining depression

Answer 33

A -activating event B - Beliefs C - Consequences