Psychopathology Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
affects 1% of people
A
schizophrenia
2
Q
- dissociative thinking
- impaired logical thought
A
key symptom of schizophrenia
3
Q
abnormal behaviors that are gained
A
positive symptoms of schizophrenia
4
Q
result from lost functions
A
negative symptoms of schizophrenia
5
Q
- hallucinations
- delusions
- excited motor behavior
- usually acute
- more likely to respond to antipsychotic medications
A
postive symptoms
6
Q
- slow thought and speech
- emotional and social withdrawal
- blunted affect or emotional expression
A
negative symptoms
7
Q
- disorganized thoughts
- difficulty concentrating and following instructions
A
cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia
8
Q
is partly heritable
A
schizophrenia
9
Q
- environmental exposures combine with your genetic vulnerability
- occurs if a threshold is exceeded
A
schizophrenia causes
10
Q
__________ __________ upregulate and downregulate gene function
A
Environmental factors
11
Q
people with the same genome can have different outcomes
A
characteristic of epigenetics
12
Q
some brain defects in schizophrenia apparently stem from environmental exposure during _________
A
pregnancy
13
Q
pyramidal neurons in hippocampus are ________ in schizophrenia
A
disorganized
14
Q
accelerated loss of _____ _____ in teens with schizophrenia
A
gray matter
15
Q
under activity of temporal and frontal lobes
A
‘hypofrontality’ schizophrenia
16
Q
accelerated aging and neuron loss
A
loss of gray matter and less metabolic activity in frontal and temporal lobes
17
Q
schizophrenia results from _______ synaptic _________ or increased postsynaptic sensitivity to it
A
excess, dopamine
18
Q
are DA antagonists
A
Neuroleptics
19
Q
use produces a schizophrenia-like syndrome
A
chronic amphetamine
20
Q
of Parkinson may produce psychosis
A
L-dopa treatment
21
Q
treatment of schizophrenia with _______ _____ can produce Parkinson symptoms
A
anti dopamine drugs
22
Q
are higher in schizophrenics
A
D2 levels in auditory thalamus
23
Q
all current antipsychotic drugs modulate function of the
A
dopamine D2 receptor
24
Q
- schizophrenics have normal DA metabolite levels
- drugs block DA receptors much faster than symptoms are reduced
- positive symptoms respond better to DA blocking drugs
- some patients don’t improve on anti dopamine drugs
A
Problems with the dopamine (DA) hypothesis
25
- Risperidone, Abilify
- block serotonin (5HT2) receptors and D2 receptors
- some increase dopamine in frontal cortex
Atypical neuroleptic drugs
26
schizophrenia is due to ________ of glutamate receptors
under activation
27
- is an NMDA receptor antagonist
- prevents glutamate from acting normally
PCP
28
If NMDA receptor under activation is ________, symptoms of acute schizophrenia emerge
prolonged
29
decrease glutamate repute by down regulating glutamate transporter gene (increasing synaptic glutamate levels)
atypical antipsychotics
30
overactivity of endocannabinoids
schizophrenia
31
act on CB1 receptors
Endocannabinoids (EC)
32
is inhibitory modulator of other neurotransmitters
CB1 receptor
33
are elevated in CSF of schizophrenics
EC levels
34
show increased CB1 receptor binding
Post-mortem brains
35
can precipitate psychosis and schizophrenia in at-risk patients
THC in cannabis
36
can worsen symptoms and prognosis in diagnosed schizophrenia patients
THC
37
the most common mood disorder
Depression
38
- sad mood
- feeling worthless or guilty
- fatigue/ lack of energy
- loss of interest or pleasure in activities
- problems concentrating and thinking
- increased or decreased appetite & weight
- changes in pattern of sleep
- suicidal thoughts or plans
Depression
39
- normal reaction to life events
- mood described as 'blue'
- few other symptoms
- short duration (hours/days)
- little if any impairment in functioning
'Normal' depression
40
- mood described as 'black'
- many symptoms
- long duration (weeks/months)
- significant impairment in functioning (can be debilitating)
Clinical depression
41
of emotional orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala (brain activity patterns in depression)
Increased activity (blood flow)
42
of areas involving attention and language (brain activity patterns in depression)
Decreased activity (blood flow)
43
depression is due to ________ synaptic activity of _______ and _______
reduced, norepinephrine, serotonin
44
depression is due reduced synaptic activity of norepinephrine serotonin
monoamine hypothesis
45
inactivates monoamines
MAO
46
- reduces monoamines
- can cause depression
Reserpine
47
treatment with MAO inhibitors raises level of monoamines at synapse, and ________ __________
improves depression
48
inhibiting reuptake of 5-HT, or binding to presynaptic, or inhibiting monoamine oxidase
How all antidepressants work via
49
5HT or NE autoreceptors, thus enhancing neurotransmitter release
binding to presynaptic
50
thereby reducing neurotransmitter breakdown
inhibiting monoamine oxidase
51
overactive serotonin autoreceptors impair serotonin release
Depression
52
autoreceptor activation decreases ____ release
5HT
53
depressed patients have overactive _______
autoreceptors
54
autoreceptor function & number ______ over weeks of SSRI use, increasing neuronal firing and serotonin release
declines
55
a ____ _____ _____ between treatment onset and reduction of symptoms
long lag time
56
antidepressants have roughly ____ response in primary care setting
60%
57
is an imbalance of the immune system, stress system, and gut microbiota
depression
58
drug-induced seizures alleviated depression
Early finding
59
ECT
Electroconvulsive shock therapy
60
ECT raises _______ levels
monoamine
61
ECT increases ______ of postsynaptic serotonin receptors
sensitivity
62
sensitivity of presynaptic autoreceptors is _______, which ______ norepinephrine & dopamine release
reduced, increases
63
suicidal ideation that requires immediate alleviation
ECT now used in severe depression
64
short-term remission rate of ECT is _____
87%
65
long-term remission rate of ECT is _____
43%
66
produces effects similar to traditional ECT
Fast TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation)
67
of the anterior cingulate gyrus & median forebrain bundle also produces immediate effects
deep brain stimulation
68
gradually relieves depression
stimulation of the vagus nerve
69
- SSRI
- SNRI
- TCA (tricyclics)
- MAO inhibitors
Antidepressants (equal efficiency)
70
glutamate and ketamine
stress and depression
71
- is due to impaired serotonin release
- due to autoreceptor over-expression
Depression
72
ketamine causes upsurge in __________
glutamate
73
- causes upsurge in glutamate
- restoring synaptic function
- likely replace ECT for treatment of severe acute depression
ketamine
74
______ is disturbed in depression
sleep
75
_____ _____-_____ sleep is reduced, fragmented
deep slow-wave
76
patients enter ____ sleep quickly, with ______ REM sleep in first half of night
REM, increased
77
individuals alternate (cycle) between depression and mania
bipolar disorder
78
- delusions
- hallucinations
- paranoia
- bizarre behavior
- similar to schizophrenia
Bipolar psychotic symptoms
79
- excess energy
- confidence
- grandiose thinking
- little need to sleep
- hypersexual drive
- drug abuse
Mania symptoms
80
one gene affected in bipolar disorder is _____
clock
81
______ is regular in some and unpredictable in others
cycling
82
_____ ______ varies from days to months
cycle length
83
activity varies with mood state
ventral prefrontal cortex (box)
84
is up to 40% smaller in people who are depressed
ventromedial cortex
85
neuron number is normal, but ____ ____ are much reduced
glial cells
86
activity increases in _______ _______ ______ at start of manic period, so it may be a 'bipolar switch'
subgenual prefrontal cortex
87
a mild form of bipolar disorder
cyclothymia
88
mild depression
dysthymia
89
increased energy
hypomania
90
intense irrational fears centered on an object, activity, or situation
phobic disorders
91
recurrent attacks of intense fearfulness
panic disorder
92
persistent, excessive worry
generalized anxiety disorder
93
recurrent uncontrollable (irrational) thoughts (germs)
obsessions
94
- uncontrollable need to perform certain acts over and over (hand-washing, counting rituals, checking doors)
- peak onset is 25 to 44 years of age
compulsions
95
an ______ is a recurring thought: an annoying tune or wishing harm to another person
obsession
96
a ______ individual is compelled to do repetitive behaviors
compulsive
97
antidepressants help by, reducing _____ _______ sensitivity
serotonin autorectopr
98
______ and ______ blockers help other patients
antipsychotics, glutamate
99
_______ activate DLPFC more than normal during stroop test
OCD
100
OCD patients have _______ _______ in orbital frontal cortex and caudate nuclei (basal ganglia)
increased activity
101
surgery to _______ orbitofrontal cortex from anterior cingulate cortex produces long-lasting improvement
disconnect
102
supported by efficacy of SSRIs
serotonin
103
- MRN
- DRN
Raphe is site of 2 major nuclei
104
- limbic/ prefrontal cortex
- mediates fear/anxiety
MRN
105
- prefrontal cortex
- basal ganglia
- thalamus
- PAG
- modulates cognitive/ behavioral components
DRN
106
_____ also treats anxiety
Benzodiazepines
107
bind to GABA receptors to enhance _____ _____ actions
GABA inhibitory
108
_____ ________ therapy works best for specific phobia
behavioral desensitization
109
_______-________ with alcohol is common
self-medication
110
_______ ______ is related to OCD
Tourette's syndrome
111
a disorder of motor and phonic tics and behavioral/ cognitive deficits
Tourette's syndrome
112
activation of ______ ______ during tics
basal ganglia
113
- Walter freeman
- done to people with all sorts of psychiatric disorders
- remission of symptoms in many patients but personality is severely affected
- now rarely performed
Frontal lobotomy
