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FINISHED A LEVEL > Psychopathology > Flashcards

Psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 definitions of abnormality?

A
  • statistical infrequency
  • deviation from social norms
  • failure to function adequately
  • deviation from the ideal mental health
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2
Q

what is statistical infrequency?

A
  • a persons trait, thinking or behaviour is abnormal or statistically unusual.
  • eg: IQ
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3
Q

what are the strengths of statistical infrequency?

A

STRENGTHS
-This definition can provide an objective way, based on data, to define abnormality if an agreed cut-off point can be identified

WEAKNESSES
- Statistically speaking, many very gifted individuals could be classified as ‘abnormal’ using this definition. The use of the term ‘abnormal’ in this context would not be appropriate

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4
Q

what is deviation from social norms?

A

-A person’s thinking or behaviour is classified as abnormal if it violates the (unwritten) rules about what is expected or acceptable behaviour in a particular social group

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5
Q

what is the strengths of deviation from social norms?

A

-This definition gives a social dimension to the idea of abnormality, which offers an alternative to the ‘sick in the head’ individual

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6
Q

what are the weaknesses of deviation from social norms?

A
  • cultural differences

- norms can vary over time.

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7
Q

what is failure to function adequately?

A

-Failure to function adequately (FFA) refers to abnormality that prevent the person from carrying out the range of behaviours that society would expect from them, such as getting out of bed each day, holding down a job, and conducting successful relationships etc

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8
Q

what are the strengths of failure to function adequately?

A

-provides a checklist

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9
Q

what are the weaknesses of failure to function adequately?

A
  • Failure to keep a job may be due to the economic situation

- cultural differences

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10
Q

what is deviation from ideal mental health?

A

Jahoda suggested six criteria necessary for ideal mental health. An absence of any of these characteristics indicate individuals as being abnormal, in other words displaying deviation from ideal mental health.

Resistance to stress: Having effective coping strategies and being able to cope with everyday anxiety provoking situations.

Growth, development or self-actualisation: Experiencing personal growth and becoming everything one is capable of becoming.

High self-esteem and a strong sense of identity: Having self-respect and a positive self-concept.

Autonomy: Being independent, self-reliant and being able to make personal decisions.

Accurate perception of reality: Having an objective and realistic view of the world.

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11
Q

what are the limitations of deviations from the ideal mental health?

A
  • people don’t meet all criteria

- cultural differences.

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12
Q

what are the characteristics of OCD?

A

COGNITIVE

  • what do you think?
  • reoccurring thoughts

EMOTIONAL

  • how do you feel?
  • obsessive thoughts often lead to anxiety, worry and distress

BEHAVIOURAL

  • how do you behave?
  • compulsions
  • the need to complete a specific action/routine
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13
Q

what does the genetic explanation of OCD suggest?

A

-it is polygenic
-family + twin studies
-the serotonin transporter seems t be mutated in OCD patients
this leads to an increase in the reuptake of serotonin

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14
Q

what is the evaluation for the genetic explanation of OCD?

A
  • Carey and Gottesman (1981) found that identical twins showed a concordance rate of 87% for obsessive symptoms and features compared to 47% in fraternal twins. This difference suggests that genetic factors are moderately important.
  • stress diathesis model? genes on their own may now solely cause OCD
  • imitate behaviour not due to genetics
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15
Q

what does the neural explanation say about OCD?

A
  • the prefrontal cortex is involved in decision making and the regulation of behaviour.
  • overactive PFC causes an exaggerated control of behaviour.
  • serotonin is thought to be involved in the regulation of mood.
  • OCD patients have a low level of serotonin
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16
Q

what is the evaluation for the neural explanation of OCD?

A

-The brains of OCD patients are structured and function differently from those of other people. Brain scans of OCD patients reliably show increased activity in the PFC (Salloway & Duffy, 2002).

17
Q

what is the biological treatment of OCD?

A
  • Drugs
  • SRIs
  • SSRIs
18
Q

what is the evaluation of the biological treatment of OCD?

A
  • Soomro et al found that SSRIs were significantly better than placebos in reducing symptoms in 17 different clinical trials
  • Most SSRIs have side effects which can be unpleasant, e.g. dry mouth, a slight tremor, fast heartbeat, constipation, sleepiness, and weight gain.
19
Q

what does the cognitive approach to depression suggest?

A

Behavioral (How do you BEHAVE when you’re depressed?): Neglect of personal appearance, loss of appetite, disturbed sleep patterns (insomnia), loss of energy (tiredness), withdrawal from others.
Emotional (How do you FEEL when you’re depressed?): Intense sadness, irritability, apathy (loss of interest of enjoyment), feelings of worthlessness, anger.
Cognitive (How do you THINK when you’re depressed?): Negative thoughts, lack of concentration, low self-esteem, poor memory, recurrent thoughts of death, low confidence.

20
Q

what does Becks negative triad suggest?

A

-negative thoughts about self, world and the future

21
Q

what is the evaluation of Becks negative triad?

A
  • negative thoughts may effect depression not cause it
  • genetic factors ignored
  • environment?
22
Q

what does Ellis’s ABC model suggest?

A

-Ellis believes that it is not the activating event (A) that causes depression (C), but rather that a person interpret these events unrealistically and therefore has an irrational belief system (B) that helps cause the consequences (C) of depressive behaviour.

23
Q

what is the evaluation of Ellis’s ABC model?

A
  • do faulty cognitions cause psychopathy or is it a consequence of it
  • depressive realism
24
Q

what is CBT?

A
  • challenge irrational thoughts

- setting homework

25
Q

what is the evaluation of CBT?

A
  • long lasting effect
  • depressive realism
  • tends to be short
  • reduce ethical issues
26
Q

what are the characteristics of phobias?

A

Behavioural (How do you BEHAVE when you see your feared object?): The phobic stimulus is either avoided or responded to with great anxiety. For example, someone with a phobia of dogs may cross the road every time they see a dog, therefore receiving negative reinforcement which will maintain the phobia. This avoidance could interfere with the individual’s normal daily routine.
Emotional (How do you FEEL when you see your feared object?): Exposure to the phobic stimulus nearly always produces a rapid anxiety response.
Cognitive (What do you THINK about your feared object?): A person would recognise that the fear is excessive or unreasonable. The person is consciously aware that the anxiety levels they experience in relation to their feared object or situation are overstated.

27
Q

what is systematic desensitisation?

A
  • rank fears and how scary they are

- work through the list of fears and calm at each stage

28
Q

what is the empirical evidence that supports SD?

A

-Rothbaum used SD with participants who were afraid of flying. Following treatment 93% agreed to take a trial flight. It was found that anxiety levels were lower than those of a control group who had not received SD and this improvement was maintained when they were followed up 6 months later.

29
Q

what is flooding?

A

-exposing the phobic directly to their fear

30
Q

what is the evaluation of flooding?

A
  • can be dangerous

- wont be able to tolerate the high levels of anxiety

FINISHED A LEVEL (6 decks)

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