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Psychopathology AO1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is statistical infrequency?

Stat infrequency

A
  • Occurs when an individual has a less common characteristic e.g IQ
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2
Q

How does normal distribution relate to IQ?

Stat infrequency

A
  • Majority of people’s scores cluster around average
  • Further we go above or below less people have it
  • 68% of people have a score 85-115
  • 2% of people have below 70 and are liable to receive a diagnosis of IDD
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3
Q

What do I mean by: deviation from social norms

Stat infrequency

A
  • When a person behaves in a way that is different from how we expect people to behave
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4
Q

Describe what a norm is and how it is decided

Stat infrequency

A

Groups of people choose to define behaviour as abnormal on the basis that it offends their sense of what is acceptable (norm)

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5
Q

Give me an example of an abnormality in our culture

Stat infrequency

A
  • Homosexuality
  • Brunei introduced new laws that make sex between men an offence punishable by stoning to death
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6
Q

What is an example of a mental disorder that offends social norms?

Stat infrequency

A
  • APD
  • They are impulsive, agressive and irresponsible
  • Important symptom= an absence of proscoial internal standards associated with failure to conform to culturally normative ethical behaviour
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7
Q

When is someone failing to function?

Seligman

FFA

A
  • When a person no longer conforms to interpersonal rules
  • when a person experiences personal distress
  • when a person’s behaviour becomes irrational or dangerous
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8
Q

What is the definition of FFA?

FFA

A
  • When a person crosses the line between ‘normal’ and ‘abnormal’ where they can no longer cope with the demands of life they are described as FFA
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9
Q

What is Jahoda’s criteria for ideal mental health?

FFA

A
  • No distress
  • rationality
  • self actualise
  • cope with stress
  • realistic view of world
  • good self esteem, lack guilt
  • independent of other people
  • successfully work
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10
Q

What is a phobia +3 examples.

phobias

A

An irrational fear of an object or situation

  1. specific phobias
  2. Social anxiety
  3. agoraphobia
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11
Q

What are behavioural characteristics of phobias?

phobias

A

Panic in response to phobic stimulus

Avoidance

Endurance where person chooses to remain in the presence

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12
Q

Name emotional characteristics of phobias

phobias

A

Anxiety- it is an anxiety disorder, an unpleasent state of high arousal

Fear, the immediate and unpleasent response

Emotional responses are unreasonable

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13
Q

Name cognitive characteristics of phobias

phobias

A

Selective attention to phobic stimulus

Irrational beliefs

Cognitive distortions - inaccurae and unrealistic

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14
Q

What is depression + 4 examples

depression

A

Depression is a mental disorder characterised by low mood and low energy levels

Major depressive disorder
Persistent depressive disorder
Diruptive mood dysregulation disorder
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

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15
Q

What are behavioural characteristics of depression?

A
  • Activity levels, reduced energy may withdraw from social life, psychomotor agitation
  • Diruption to sleep and eating
  • Aggression and self harm
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16
Q

What are emotional characteristics of depression?

A

Lowered mood

Anger

Low self esteem

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17
Q

What are cognitive characteristics of depression?

A
  • Poor concentration

Attending to and dwelling on the negative

Absolutist thinking (black and white thinking)

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18
Q

What are behavioural characteristics of OCD?

A

Compulsions are repetitive

Compulsions reduce anxiety

Avoidance, keep away from situations that trigger it

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19
Q

What are emotional characteristics of OCD?

A

Anxiety and distress

Accompanying depression, comorbidity

Guilt and disgust

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20
Q

What are cognitive characteristics of OCD?

Study These Flashcards
A

Obsessive thoughts

Cognitive coping strategies

Insight into excessive anxiety- aware that compulsions are not rational, catastrophic thoughts about worst case scenarios, hypervigilant

21
Q

What is the two process model?

Behavioural approach to explaining phobias

Study These Flashcards
A

An explanation for the onset and persistance of disorders that create anxiety. It explains how they are acquired through classical conditioning and maintained by operant conditioning.

22
Q

What is classical conditioning?

Behavioural approach to explaining phobias

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Learning by association. Occurs when two stimuli and repeatedly paired togehter
  • A UCS and a NS
  • The NS eventually produces the response that the UCS produced when encountered alone
23
Q

Name a case study of classical conditioning?

Behavioural approach to explaining phobias

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Watson and Reyner= Little Albert
  • Albert showed no anxiety to begin with
  • The noise produced by the metal bar acts as an UCS which produces a UCR
  • When the rat (NS) is encountered with the UCS they become associated with each other
  • He displays fear when he sees the rat (NS) which means the rat is now a CS that produces a CR
  • this then generalised to other fluffy white objects
24
Q

What is operant conditioning?

Behavioural approach to explaining phobias

Study These Flashcards
A
  • A form of learning in which behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequences. Possible consequences of behaviour include positive reinforcement, negative or punishment
25
What did Mowrer say about avoidant behaviour? ## Footnote Behavioural approach to explaining phobias
We escape the fear and anxiety that we would have experienced if we remained there. The reduction in fear reinforces avoidance behaviour so phobia is maintained
26
Explain systematic desensitisation ## Footnote Behavioural approach to treating phobias
1. Anxiety hierarchy= list of situatios ranked from least to most firghtening 2. Relaxation= may use breathing techniques or mental imagery, cant be afraid and relaxed as one emotion prevents other (reciprocal inhibition), may use drugs like valium 3. Exposure= climg the AH, when they stay relaxed in lower levels they move up the AH
27
Explain Flooding ## Footnote Behavioural approach to treating phobias
Immediate exposure, no AH - Without option of avoidance behaviour the client learns that the phobic stimulus is harmless - Known as extinction - learned response is extinguished when the CS is encountered without the UCS - may even feel relaxed due to exhaustion - need informed consent and are fully prepared
28
What is counterconditioning? ## Footnote Behavioural approach to treating phobias
- When a new response to the phobic stimulus is learned (PS is paired with relaxation instead of anxiety)
29
What is SD an example of? ## Footnote Behavioural approach to treating phobias
Classical conditioning
30
According to Beck, how does he explain depression? ## Footnote Beck cognitive depression
1. Faulty information processing- black and white thinking, attend to negative aspects and ignore positives 2. Negative self schema- schema is a package of indeas/info developed through experience, act as mental framework, use to interpret world, if negative then we interpet surroundings negatively 3. The negative triad- develops dysfunctional view of themselves because of three types of negative thinking that occur automatically
31
What does the negative triad consist of? ## Footnote Beck cognitive depression
- Negative view of world - Negative view of future - Negative view of self
32
What does Ellis's ABC model consist of? ## Footnote Ellic ABC cognitive
- Activating event= situations in which irrational thoughts are triggered by external events - Beliefs= Musturbation (must always succeed), Utopianism (life is always meant to be fair) - Consequences= when activating events trigger irrational beliefs there are emotional and behavioural consequences
33
How did Ellis define irrational thoughts? ## Footnote Ellic ABC cognitive
- Any thoughts that interfere with us being happy and free from pain
34
What is the cognitive and behavioural element of CBT? ## Footnote cognitive approach to treating depression
cognitive= assessment to clarify the client's problems, they identify goals and make a plan to reach them, identify where there are irrational thoughts behaviour= put more effective behaviour in place
35
What does CBT include? ## Footnote cognitive approach to treating depression
- Challenging thoughts directly - may be set homework to record events where they were happy - can produce this evidence later to challenge negative beliefs - called client as scientist - identify automatic thoughts (negative triad)
36
What does REBT include? ## Footnote cognitive approach to treating depression
- Extends ABC to ABCDE - D= dispute - E= effect - Central effect of REBT is to identify and dispute irrational thoughts - vigorous arguments - break link between negative life events and depression - Multiple methods of disputing
37
What are the two methods of disputing in REBT? ## Footnote cognitive approach to treating depression
- Empirical argument= whether there is actual evidence to support the negative belief - Logical argument= whether the negative thought logically follows from the facts
38
What is behavioural activation and why is it used? ## Footnote cognitive approach to treating depression
- Increase individuals engagement in activities that have been shown to improve mood - It gradually decreases avoidance and isolation which reinforces depression
39
Who researched genetic involvement in OCD? ## Footnote Biological approach to explaining OCD
- Lewis= observed that 37% of OCD patients had parents with OCD - 21% had siblings with OCD - this suggests that OCD runs in families - it is genetic vulnerability that is passed on not the certainty of OCD
40
How does the diathesis stress model account for OCD? ## Footnote Biological approach to explaining OCD
Certain genes leave some people more likely to develop a mental disroder but it is not certain. Some environmental stress is necessary to trigger the condition
41
What are the 3 key genetic factors of OCD? ## Footnote Biological approach to explaining OCD
Candidate genes= create vulnerability, involved in serotonin system e.g 5HT1-D is involved in transport across synapse Polygenic= ocd is not caused by one single gene but a combination that increase vulnerability * Taylor found that there may be up to 230 different genes involved in OCD, genes have role in dopamine and serotonin action Aetiologically heterogenous= one group of genes may cause OCD for one person but not another
42
What is a neural explanation for OCD? ## Footnote Biological approach to explaining OCD
- The role of serotonin= believed to regulate mood, neurotransmitters relay info from one neuron to next, low levels of serotonin= transmission of mood relevent info doesn't happen - Decision making systems=
43
How do neural structures affect OCD? ## Footnote Biological approach to explaining OCD
Basal ganglia= Controls routine behaviours and coordination of movement - Hyperactivity is implicated, overactivity causes complications - people with head injuries to this region develop OCD like symptoms Orbitofrontal cortex= converts sensory info into thoughts and actions, part of worry centre sending worry signals to other parts - worry circuit is overactive, sending too many signals, caudate nucleus cannot filter out - leads to obsessions and compulsions
44
What are SSRIs? ## Footnote Bio approach to treating OCD
Selective serotonin reabsorption inhibitors
45
What do biological treatments work on? ## Footnote Bio approach to treating OCD
The assumption that OCD is caused by neurochemical imbalances in the brain
46
Explain how serotonin is released and how SSRIs work ## Footnote Bio approach to treating OCD
- Serotonin is released by presynaptic neuron - Travels across a synapse - Neurotransmitter chemically conveys signal to postsynaptic neuron - it is reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron where it is broken down and reused - SSRIs prevent breakdown and reabsorption so serotonin levels increase in the synapse - communicatiom between nerve cells improve, alleviating anxiety and depression
47
What is the use in combining SSRIs with other treatments? ## Footnote Bio approach to treating OCD
- Used along side CBT - the drugs reduce emotional symptoms - Means that clients can engage more effectively with the CBT
48
What are 2 alternatives to SSRIs? ## Footnote Bio approach to treating OCD
Tricyclics= acts on various systems where it has the same effect as SSRIs, clomipramine has more severe side effects, kept in reserve for those who don't respond to SSRIs SNRIs (noradrenaline)= second line of defence, increase levels of serotonin as well as noradrenaline (another neurotransmitter

psychology (15 decks)

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