Psychopathology AO1 Flashcards
(35 cards)
What are the 4 definitions of abnormality?
Statistical Frequency, Deviation from Social Norms, Failure to Function Adequately, Deviation from Ideal Mental Health
What is Statistical Infrequency?
Abnormality in terms of statistics e.g. behavior that is rare and does not occur as much in society
What is an example of Statistical Infrequency?
A really high or really low IQ is uncommon in society and so would be classed as ‘abnormal’ in this definition
What is Deviation from Social Norms?
Behavior which is differed from the ‘norm/ideal’ in society
What is an example of Deviation from Social Norms?
APD (Antisocial Personality Disorder) a.k.a. psychopath - where they cannot show empathy and cannot feel guilt
What is Failure to Function Adequately?
A person who fails to function and cope with the stresses of everyday life
What is an example of Failure to Function Adequately?
OCD- Obsessions and compulsions affecting everyday life
What is Deviation from Ideal Mental Health?
When someone differs from ideal perfect psychological health
What are the criteria that Jahoda (1958) set for Deviation from Ideal Mental Health?
- No symptoms of distress
- Rational
- Self- Actualization
- Resistance to stress e.g. depression
- Realistic World View
- Good self-esteem
- Independent
- Successfully work and love
What are the clinical characteristics of phobias?
-Excessive fear and anxiety triggered by an object, place or situation
-Extent of fear is out of proportion to any real danger presented by stimulus
-Specific anxieties, phobias and agraphobia
What are cognitive characteristics?
What are emotional characteristics?
What are behavioral characteristics?
THINK
FEEL
BEHAVE
What are some cognitive characteristics of phobias?
-Selective Attempt e.g. look away from phobia and stimulus
-Irrational Beliefs e.g. unfounded thoughts
-Distortions e.g. inaccurate and unrealistic thinking and perception of phobia
What are some emotional characteristics of phobias?
-Anxiety e.g. can be long term
-Fear
-Unreasonable e.g. disproportionate to the threat posed
What are some behavioral characteristics of phobias?
-Panic e.g. crying, screaming and running away
-Avoidance e.g. changing life to actively avoid
-Endurance e.g. remain in the presence of the phobia
What is The Two Process Model?
-Believes phobias are learnt
-Believes phobias are acquired from classical conditioning and maintained through operant conditioning
How does Classical Conditioning affect the Two Process Model?
When you have a bad experience with a phobic stimulus so a phobia occurs e.g. CS (Spiders) and CR (Fear)
Who is the main study for classical conditioning in The Two Process Model?
Little Albert (Watson & Raynor)
How does Operant Conditioning affect The Two Process Model?
Coming into contact with phobia makes you feel anxious so removing from the situation so will remove unpleasant feeling (Negative Reinforcement)
+
(Positive Reinforcement) When younger may get sweets or hugs from being scared
What are the two behavioral therapies?
Flooding and Systematic Desensitisation
What is Systematic Desensiistasion?
Gradually reducing the phobia
What are the 3 steps of Systematic Desensitisation?
- Anxiety Hairachy
- Relaxation
- Exposure
What is the Anxiety Heirachy?
A list of situations made by the patient related to the phobia from least frightening to most frightening- gradually increases in frighteningness
What is the Relaxation stage?
Reciprocal Inhibition where the patient relaxes as deeply as possible as cannot feel relaxed and anxious at the same time e.g. could be through breathing exercises
What is the Exposure stage?
Exposed to a phobic stimulus while in a relaxed state and takes place across several sessions
