Psychopathology L10 - The Cognitive Behavioural Therapy - Treating Depression (Beck & Ellis)

Question 1

Who developed cognitive behavioural therapy

Answer 1

Beck

Question 2

What does REBT stand for

Answer 2

Rational emotive behavioural therapy

Question 3

Who developed REBT

Answer 3

Ellis

Question 4

What does CBT stand for

Answer 4

Cognitive behavioural therapy

Question 5

CBT central ideas

Answer 5

• The central idea of Beck’s is to challenge and restructure negative ways of thinking so that they become more positive and rational.
  • It allows the patient to have some control over their thinking and focuses on present experiences
  • This can help the depressed patient to think in a more positive way, which can positively influence their behaviour.
  • It is thought that positive thinking will have a positive impact on behaviour (both of these are linked together)
  • The negative thoughts associated with the depression are challenge
• uses the cognitive triad as the basis for his cognitive behavioural therapy (negative thoughts about self, world and future would be addressed. -Patients are encouraged to identify their negative thoughts “thought catching”
  • The patient would be encouraged to challenge their negative thoughts and test them out, e.g. is it really the case that you are useless at all of your subjects at school? This cannot be true because ……..
  • Patients would be encouraged to keep a record of events in their life that can be used to help challenge their negative thinking e.g. diary entries, test results, birthday cards etc. to try to prove the existence of positive events
  • Reinforcement of positive thoughts is encouraged e.g. positive thinking makes someone feel good about themselves

Question 6

CBT evaluation

Answer 6

strengths
Widely respected with lots of research
Root cause of depression
Long term cure
strengths/weaknesses
Effective for mild depression but not as much for severe
weaknesses
Drugs can be considered as better

Question 7

Effective for mild depression but not as much for severe

Answer 7

• A strength of CBT is that it is very effective to use when a client has mild depression, as CBT stops the mild depression from getting much worse.
• Therefore CBT is more applicable to clients who had mild depressive symptoms rather than severe symptoms.
• If the depression is very severe then drugs/medication might be more appropriate than CBT

Question 8

Drugs can be considered as better

Answer 8

• The most popular treatment for depression is anti-depressant drugs. Drugs require less effort than CBT in general.
• However, Cupers (2013) found that CBT can be very effective if is combined with drug therapy.
• Therefore maybe CBT used on its own to treat depression is not very effective, and drugs should be used alongside it.

Question 9

Widely respected with lots of research support

Answer 9

• An advantage of CBT is that it is widely respected and supported by vast amounts of research as a therapy for depression.
• It is offered as a cost effective treatment for many disorders by the NHS in Britain, especially for depression.
• The treatment is quite economical compared to other treatments such as the psychodynamic approach

Question 10

Root causes of depression

Answer 10

• CBT has been praised because it tends to get to the root cause of the depressive problem.
• Usually CBT can uncover the real underlying issues that caused the depression in the first place such as job loss or divorce etc.
• This is a very good point because other treatments for depression such as medication and drugs tend not to get to the root cause of the problem of depression, but merely act as a, “plaster” that cover up and mask the symptoms of depression.
• Therefore CBT actually works as a cure for depression.

Question 11

Long term cure

Answer 11

• An advantage of CBT is that it can be used as a long term cure for depression.
• Once a patient has undergone CBT, it has lasting positive outcomes and there is a high chance that the patient has actually been cured and they are less likely to suffer a relapse compared to other treatments (such as medication or placebos).
• Therefore CBT might be cost effective for the NHS.
• When a depressed patient has successfully completed CBT treatment they are very unlikely to return to hospital needing further treatment in the future (relapse rates are low)

Question 12

How is CBT used

Answer 12

• can be on individuals or groups
• possible someone may be shy in group/negativity rubs off
• therapist needs to be highly trained as need to make them improve not get worse

Question 13

REBT main idea

Answer 13

Rational emotive behavioural therapy (REBT was developed by Ellis (1975).
• Irrational thoughts also cause negative self-statements and so the therapy involves making depressed clients think in a more rational and positive manner. - the therapist aims to challenge depressed patients thinking and show them how irrational their thoughts are.
• Depressed patients are told to practise positive and optimistic thinking, which can then have a positive impact on their behaviour.
• REBT involves challenging negative thoughts by reinterpreting the ABC model in a more positive and logical way.
• Homework - Depressed clients are asked to complete homework assignments between therapy sessions which is vital for testing irrational beliefs out in the real world, and replacing them with more rational and positive beliefs.
• Behavioural Activation - CBT encourages depressed clients to become more active and engage in pleasurable activities. Many depressed clients often do not engage in activities that they used to enjoy, so the therapist would encourage active participation.

Question 14

DEF MODEL

Answer 14

Re-thinking of ABC model
- Disputing irrational thoughts and behaviour
- Logical disputing occurs when self defeating beliefs do not follow logically from the information available, the therapist can ask the depressed client, “Does thinking in this way make sense?”
- Thoughts can also be disputed by empirical disputing, whereby self defeating beliefs may not be consistent with reality e.g. “You believe that everyone hates you, but there is little proof of this.’
- Effects of disputing and effective attitude to life:
- Effective disputing can change self defeating beliefs into more rational beliefs
- The depressed client can move away from negative and irrational thinking, e.g. “No one likes me” to more rational interpretations of events, e.g. “My friend has not replied to my text message because she is busy, not because she hates me.’
- Feelings/emotions:
The depressed patient will begin to think in a more positive and rational way and they will begin to feel better. This can have a positive impact on their behaviour.

Question 15

Evaluation of REBT

Answer 15

strengths
Effective way to treat depressive stroke
Research support

weaknesses
Unclear if negative thinking is cause or symptom
Dependent on clients being articulate
Success depends on therapist’s skill

Question 16

Effective way to treat depressive stroke

Answer 16

• Flannaghan et al. (1997) supports the use of REBT as an effective way to treat depressive stroke victims
• This therefore suggests that REBT is a suitable treatment for specific groups of people with depression and can help them become more positive over time in terms of their thoughts and behaviour

Question 17

Research support

Answer 17

• There is research evidence to support the use of CBT as a therapy for depression.
• David (2008) compared 170 depressive patients who had 14 weeks of REBT and compared them to depressive patients who were treated with the drug fluoxetine.
• The outcomes were compared 6 months after the treatment ended, and it was found that REBT was a better long term treatment for depression compared to the drug therapy

Question 18

Unclear if distorted negative thinking is cause or symptom

Answer 18

• A disadvantage of REBT is that it is unclear if the distorted negative thinking is the cause of depression or merely a symptom
• if it is only a symptom of depression then REBT is not tackling the root cause of the depression, and the depression might return in the future.
• This means that the depression has not been cured properly

Question 19

Dependent on clients being articulate

Answer 19

• A problem with REBT is that it is dependent on the depressed clients being articulate and being able to talk about their thought processes coherently.
• Therefore REBT would not work for people with severe depression if they were unable to talk or communicate properly, or those who feel uncomfortable talking about their feelings with a psychologist.
• In this case other treatments would have to be considered such as drug therapy

Question 20

Success depends on therapists skill

Answer 20

• A problem with REBT is that the success of the treatment depends upon the skill and expertise of the therapist.
• The more skilled the therapist, the better the therapeutic outcomes will be for the depressed client, and this is essential for the treatments effectiveness.
• Therefore psychologists need to be highly skilled and develop a good rapport with their client in order for REBT to be successful