PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY Flashcards
(49 cards)
1
Q
factors impacting drug experience
A
- biological characteristics
- psychological
- risk factors
- preventative factors
- expectancies & beliefs
2
Q
biological characteristics
A
- genetic factors
- gender
- weight
- age
3
Q
genetic factors
A
initial sensitivity
ex. the Asian flush
4
Q
gender factor
A
- fat content vs. water content
- more water content dilutes drug concentrations
- more water = lower peak concentration
5
Q
weight factor
A
more blood & bodily fluids dilute drug concentration
6
Q
age factor
A
- children = enzyme systems immature or non-existent
- elderly = impaired enzyme systems
- enzyme systems responsible for metabolism
7
Q
psychological factors
A
- personality
- stress response dampening
- addictive personality
8
Q
personality factor
A
- sensation-seeking
- need for varied, novel sensations
- disinhibition
- bordom susceptibility
9
Q
stress response dampening (SRD)
A
- increased susceptibility to stress reduction with drug use
- some people more likely to feel alleviation of stress with drug use
10
Q
addictive personality
little evidence in support
A
- a hypothesis of people with SUDs share common set of traits
- more aggressive, IMPULSIVE, thrill seeking, rebellious, sociable, extroverted
11
Q
addictive personality
little evidence in support
A
- a hypothesis of people with SUDs share common set of traits
- more aggressive, IMPULSIVE, thrill seeking, rebellious, sociable, extroverted
12
Q
risk factors
A
- parents acceptance of drug use
- poor school performance
- perceived peer approval
- trying alcohol before 13
- emotional distress
- high comorbidity with mental illness
13
Q
protective factors
limits risk of drug use
A
- child’s degree of attachment to parent
- parental supervision
- committment to school
- involvement in activities
14
Q
expectancies & beliefs
A
- may influence perceived effect
- environment; social vs. alone
- learning from others; watching how experiences users act & respond
15
Q
psychopharmacology phenomena
A
- tolerance
- sensitization
- drug abuse
- drug dependence
- addiction
16
Q
tolerance
A
- how prior use of a drug impacts future effects
- more use = dose response curve shifted to right
- shift in potency = need more of drug to get same effect
17
Q
dispositional tolerance
A
- metabolic
- body gets better at getting rid of the drug meaning more drug is needed for effects
- metabolic adaptions = ↑ enzyme levels with chronic use
- changes in efficiency or capacity to metabolize drug
18
Q
functional tolerance
multiple types
A
- site of action is less sensitive = lessened response
- related to pharmacodynamics
- umbrella term for other types
- changes in post-synaptic synapses
19
Q
acute tolerance
tachyphylaxis
A
- occurs with cocaine & alcohol within single session
- functional tolerance
- the effects of a dose feel better on way up than the same concentration on way down
- after first dose, tolerant to effects even if taking same dose
- always chasing the feeling of the first hit
- reverses very quickly
20
Q
protracted tolerance
A
- more drug is needed to achieve same effects
- chronic use = higher tolerance
- can be reversed but takes time
- functional tolerance
21
Q
cross-tolerance
A
- use of one drug resulting in tolerance of another drug with similar effects
- due to similar chemical composition
- functional tolerance
22
Q
reverse tolerance or sensitization
A
- heightened sensitivity to drug’s effects after a period of abstinence
- abstinence with time can increase sensitivity in site of action
- cocaine, marijuana, opioids
think ‘T-break’
23
Q
homeostasis hypothesis
how functional tolerance works
A
- cell adaptation
- brain is malleable & able to be reformed
- attempting to restore balance back to optimal level
- adapts to create a new baseline level
24
Q
downregulation
A
- if drug ↑ NT availibilty (agonist) then natural NT levels decrease
- body trying to compensate neurotransmission by decreasing receptor levels
- drug taken repeatedly = body creates new baseline (less receptors)
ex. there are less D2 receptors in nucleus accumbens for chronic cocaine users because cocaine increases dopamine levels, forcing body to compensate
25
upregulation
* increase in receptors when drug decreases NT levels
* more enzymes to metabolize drug if drug prevents NT
* chronic use = more enzymes at baseline
26
behavioral tolerance
| learned tolerance
* tolerance that is learned through association
* habituation, context/environment, conditioning
* **HARDEST TO REVERSE**
27
Pavlovian conditioning
* association of stimulus with a drug means stimulus will now create craving of the drug
* even being shown a video of the drug can increase prefrontal cortex activity
* anticipation of reward triggers activation of dopamine system
28
homeostatic counter-reaction
* chronic user's body prepares itself to take drug
* can reduce net effect of the drug
* ex. caffeine increases heart rate so body would decrease heart rate in anticipation of caffeine consumption
29
classical conditioning
* the longer you've been taking a drug, the stronger the conditioning
* even just the ANTICIPATION of reward triggers activation of dopamine system
30
operant conditioning
* things that have worked in the past are expected to work again
* uses **reinforcement** and **punishment**
31
reinforcement
* part of operant conditioning
* action or stimulus that is likely to **increase** a behavior
* adding something
32
positive reinforcement
* action/behavior that **increases** the likelihood of 'good' thing happening again
* given reward = increase
## Footnote
ex. study for exam 1 & get an A → increase likelihood of studying again since worked last time to get reward
33
negative reinforcement
* action/behavior that **increases** likelihood of 'bad' thing not happening again
* ex. turning on AC in car in summer; bad thing = hot car & sweating → add action (AC) to decrease chance of being sweaty
34
punishment
* part of operant conditioning
* action/stimulus to **decrease** behavior
* taking behavior away
35
positive punishment
* adding something that **decreases** likelihood of behavior happening again
* ex. add a time-out for kid to decrease bad behavior
## Footnote
think seatbelt in car; want to decrease behavior of not wearing a seatbelt (bad) → ADD annoying seatbelt detector noise = annoying beep added to decrease behavior of not wearing seatbelt
36
negative punishment
* removal of something that **decreases** likelihood of behavior happening again
* typical thought of punishment
## Footnote
ex. kids fighting = bad behavior so you take away their allowance → no allowance to decrease fighting behavior
37
drug use & reinforcement
* positive = drug experience, social acceptance
* negative = withdrawal, craving
* action = drug use, bad thing = withdrawal, add action to decrease bad (get rid of withdrawal by using drug)
| positive = enjoy the high of marijuana → increase chance of smoking
38
drug use & punishment
* positive = add bad thing to decrease behavior
* add prison sentence → decrease drunk driving
* negative = remove good thing to decrease behavior
* losing family → decrease drug use
39
animal models of reinforcement
| using self-administration
* teach animal to press lever when red light to receive drug & to ignore green light
* can use to study extinction & drug discrimination
* animal learns pressing lever = drug (reward) → press lever more & more over time until max is reached
* no reward → animal eventually stops pressing
* then use reinstatement to study extinction
40
extinction
* cessation of learned response over time when reward is stopped
* NOT same as forgetting
* followed by reinstatement
41
reinstatement
* reward given once again & memory is still present
* if lever starts to give reward again, learned behavior still present
42
drug discrimination
* animal studies - press lever 1 for drug, press lever 2 for food
* can see similarities/differences between drugs
* what kind of drugs are chosen over food reward
43
punishment animal studies
* animal given drug & an electric shock at same time
* stop pressing lever (for drug)
* can compare drugs to see if one is more likely to be squashed with negative shock
## Footnote
i.e. cocaine vs. heroin → heroin more likely for continued use despite shock
44
conditioned place preference/aversion
* animal studies with 2 choices of environment
* box 1= receives drug & box 2 = neutral (no drug)
* animal given choice between boxes; goes to box 1 if drug effects enjoyed
* shows preference between drugs (cocaine over heroin)
45
placebo effect
* may feel an effect if person is convinced there should be an effect
* need it as control because mind over matter sometimes
* only seen in humans, not animals
46
single blind
subject being tested doesn't know what condition they're in, but experimenter knows
## Footnote
participant not sure if receiving placebo or treatment
47
double blind
* neither subject nor experimenter knows the condition
* preferred method, not always possible
48
active placebos
* cause side-effects that are difference than expected effects of drug
* artificial drug causes real effects but different
## Footnote
i.e. testing drug that treats insomnia, active placebo causes excessive sweating effects
49
new drug development to target addiction
1. drug with
