Psychophysiology Flashcards
(198 cards)
1
Q
ACh and muscles
A
Ach is released into the neuromuscular junction where is causes muscles to contract; myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder that affect Ach receptors
2
Q
ACh and sleep
A
involved in REM sleep and the regulation of sleep-wake cycle
3
Q
ACh and memory
A
degradation of ACh cells in the entorhinal cortex and other areas underlies memory deficits in Alzheimer’s
4
Q
Dopamine
A
personality, mood, memory, sleep
5
Q
dopamine hypothesis (schizophrenia)
A
schizophrenia due to elevated dopamine levels or oversensitivity of dopamine receptors
6
Q
dopamine and movement
A
involved in regulation of movement, linked to Tourette’s and Parkinson’s
7
Q
norephinephrine
A
plays role in mood, attention, dreaming, learning, and certain autonomic functions
8
Q
catecholamine hypothesis
A
some forms of depression are due to lover-than-normal levels of norephinephrine
9
Q
serotonin
A
usually has inhibitory effect; linked to mood, hunger, temperature regulation, sexual activity, arousal, sleep, aggression, and migraines
10
Q
elevated levels of serotonin found in
A
schizophrenia, autism, anorexia
11
Q
low levels of serotonin found in
A
aggression, depression, suicide, bulimia, PTSD, OCD
12
Q
GABA
A
inhibitory neurotransmitter; plays role in eating, seizure and anxiety disorders, motor control, vision, sleep
13
Q
Low GABA levels found in
A
anxiety disorders
14
Q
Huntington’s disease and GABA
A
degeneration of GABA-secreting cells in basal ganglia contributes to motor symptoms
15
Q
glutamate
A
excitatory neurotransmitter; plays role in learning and memory, esp long term potentiation
16
Q
excessive glutamate receptor activity
A
can lead to seizures, contribute to stroke-related brain damage, Huntington’s, Alzheimer’s
17
Q
endorphins
A
inhibitory neuromodulators that lower the sensitivity of postsynaptic neurons to neurotransmitters; analgesic properties
18
Q
limbic system structures
A
amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate cortex
19
Q
limbic system activities
A
mediation of emotion; memory and other cognitive function
20
Q
Amygdala
A
integrates, coordinates, and directs motivational and emotional activities, attaches emotions to memories, and is involved in the recall of emotionally-charged experiences; involved in acquisition of classically conditioned emotional responses
21
Q
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
A
caused by bilateral lesions in the amygdala and temporal lobes of primates; reduces fear/aggression, increases docility and compulsive oral exploratory behaviors, alters dietary habits, produce hypersexuality and “psychic blindness” (inability to recognize significance or meaning of events and objects)
22
Q
hippocampus
A
associated with learning and memory
23
Q
results of bilateral removal of medial temporal lobes
A
anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia for events occurring up to three years prior to the surgery
24
Q
cingulate cortex
A
involved in attention, emotion, and the perception and subjective experience of pain
25
Frontal lobe parts
primary motor cortex, supplementary motor area, premotor cortex, Broca's area, prefrontal cortex
26
primary motor cortex
in frontal lobe; involved in execution of movements; arranged according to muscles they control
27
supplementary motor area
in frontal lobe; involved in the planning and control of movement; mediates motor imagery and involved in learning of new motor sequences
28
premotor cortex
in frontal lobe; important for control of movement in response to sensory stimuli
29
Broca's area
in frontal lobe; major motor speech area; damage produces Broca's (expressive) aphasia, which is characterized by difficulties producing spoken and written language
30
prefrontal cortex
involved in complex behaviors including emotion, memory, attention, self-awareness, and executive functions
31
hypofrontality is linked to
schizophrenia, ADHD, dementia
32
dorsal convexity dysexecutive syndrome
caused by damage to the dorsolateral area of the prefrontal cortex; characterized by impaired judgment, insight, planning, and organization; individuals tend to be concrete and perseverative, have trouble learning from experience, neglect their hygiene, have reduced sexual interest, and be apathetic
33
orbitofrontal disinhibition syndrome
caused by damage to orbitofrontal area of the prefrontal cortex; involves emotional lability, distractibility, poor impulse control, and impaired social insight, "pseudopsychopathy"
34
mesial frontal apathetic syndrome
caused by damage to mediofrontal area of the prefrontal cortex; "pseudo depression", impaired spontaneity, reduced emotional reactions, diminished motor behavior and verbal output, lower-extremity weakness and sensory loss
35
parietal lobe functions
somatosensory cortex; governs pressure, temperature, pain, proprioception, and gustation
36
apraxia
caused by parietal lobe damage; inability to perform skilled motor movements
37
anosognosia
inability to recognize one's own neurological symptoms or disorder; caused by parietal lobe damage
38
Gerstmann's syndrome
caused by parietal lobe damage; finger agnosia, right-left confusion, agraphia, and acalculia
39
temporal lobe parts
auditory cortexa and Wernicke's area
40
Wernicke's area
important for comprehension of language
41
Wenicke's aphasia
characterized by severe deficits in language comprehension and abnormalities in language production
42
occipital lobe
contains visual cortex, which is responsible for visual perception, recognition, and memory
43
prosopagnosia
inability to recognize familiar faces
44
trichromatic theory
theory of color vision that says there are three different types of color receptors (cones) that are each receptive to a different primary color (red, blue, or green)
45
opponent-process theory
theory of color vision that says that three types of bipolar receptors exist-- red-green, yellow-blue, and white-black
46
rate of color blindness
red/green affects about 8-10% of the male population
47
retinal disparity
two eyes see world from two different views; the closer the object, the greater the disparity
48
monocular versus binocular depth perception cues
binocular cues are more relevant for close objects, while monocular cues are more relevant for far-waya objects
49
gate-control theory of pain
nervous system can process only a limited amount of sensory information at one time; cells in spinal cord block some signals when too much input is received
50
Weber's Law
the more intense the stimulus, the greater the increase in stimulus intensity required for the increase to produce a just noticeable difference
51
Fechner's Law
physical stimulus changes are logarithmically related to their psychological sensations; a person's experience of stimulus intensity increases arithmetically as the stimulus intensity increases geometrically
52
Stevens's Power Law
describes a sensation as an exponential function of stimulus intensity; makes it possible to predict that doubling the intensity of a light less than doubles the sensation of the light's brighten, but doubling the intensity of a shock more than doubles the physical sensation
53
parts of brain involved in memory encoding and retrieval
left cerebral cortex for encoding; right cerebral cortex (esp right frontal cortex) for retrieval; known as hemispheric encoding/retrieval asymmetry
54
right temporal lobe damage and memory
deficits in nonverbal memory tasks (e.g., face recognition, spatial position, maze-learning, emotional memory)
55
left temporal lobe damage and memory
deficits in verbal memory (e.g., recall of word lists and stories, recognition of words and numbers)
56
hippocampus and memory
responsible for consolidating long-term declarative memories; essential for spatial memory and explicit memory; degradation linked with memory loss in normal aging and Alzheimer's
57
amygdala and memory
plays a key role in fear conditioning and adding emotional significance to memories
58
prefrontal cortex and memory
plays a role in episodic memory and prospective memory and in constructive memory and false recognition
59
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and memory
important for working memory; impairments in working memory in schizophrenia linked to abnormal activity in this area
60
thalamus and memory
involved in processing incoming information and transferring it to the cortex; damage to certain areas of the thalamus produces anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia, and confabulation (e.g., Korsakoff syndrome)
61
Basal ganglia, cerebellum and motor cortex and memory
play a role in procedural memory and implicit memory
62
synapse changes with memory
short-term memory involved neurochemical changes at existing synapses; long-term memory also entails an increase in the number of synapses and modifications of the structure of existing synapses
63
conduction aphasia
caused by damage to the arcuate fasciculus, which connects Wernicke's and Broca's areas; does not significantly affect language comprehension, but does result in anomia, paraphasia, and impaired repetition
64
paraphasia
the substitution of words related in sound of meaning to the intended words
65
transcortical aphasia
caused by damage outside the language regions in areas that connect these regions to other brain regions
66
six basic emotions
fear, anger, happiness, disgust, surprise, sadness
67
James-Lange Theory
emotions represent perceptions of bodily reactions to sensory stimuli (you are sad because you are crying)
68
Cannon-Bard Theory
emotional and bodily reactions to stimuli occur simultaneously as a result of thalamic stimulation of the cortex and the peripheral nervous system; supported by similarity of bodily sensations across emotions
69
Two-Factor Theory
subjective emotional experiences are the consequence of a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal and the environmental context in which it occurs
70
Cognitive Appraisal Theory
emotions are universal but there are differences in how emotion-arousing events are interpreted or appraised; the appraisal is the primary determining factor in what emotion is experienced
71
primary appraisal
a person's evaluation of a situation as irrelevant positive-benign, or stressful with regard to his or her own well-being; this appraisal depends on the individual's beliefs, values, and expectations
72
secondary appraisal
the person's evaluation of the resources he or she has to cope with a situation that has been identified as stressful
73
re-appraisal
occurs when a person monitors the situation and , as necessary, modifies his or her primary and/or secondary appraisals
74
Papez's circuit
neural circuit that mediates the experience and expression of emotion; includes the hippocampus, mammillary bodies, anterior nuclei of the thalamus, and cingulate gyrus; later modified to include cerebral cortex, amygdala, and hypothalamus
75
cerebral cortex and emotion
left governs positive emotions (damage causes depression/anxiety/aggression/paranoia); right mediates negative emotions (damage causes indifference/apathy/emotional lability/undue cheerfulness and joking)
76
facial symmetry and emotion
emotion controlled more by right hemisphere; emotions shown more strongly on left side of face
77
hypothalamus and emotion
involved in the translation of emotion into physical responses; damage can cause a rage response or uncontrollable laughter
78
general adaptation syndrome
alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion
79
Type A Behavior Pattern
highly competitive and achievement oriented; sense of time urgency; hostile, easily irritated, and impatient; antagonistic personality is associated with health problems including coronary heart disease in males
80
when during pregnancy does sexual differentiation begin?
6-8 weeks after conception
81
male-female brain differences
size of corpus callosum, hippocampus, and SCN
82
beta waves (sleep)
alert, fully awake state
83
alpha waves (sleep)
awake, rested, relaxed state
84
theta waves (sleep)
deep relaxation, light sleep
85
delta waves (sleep)
deep sleep
86
five stages of sleep
1: sleep begins, alpha waves replaced by theta waves
2: theta waves predominate, but are interrupted by bursts of sleep spindles and K complexes
3: large, slow delta waves appear
4: delta waves dominate
5: REM sleep; EEG pattern similar to stages 1 and 2
87
timing of sleep stages
sleeper passes through all 5 stages every 90-100 minutes; REM periods increase in length as the night progresses
88
sleep stages in infants
young infants begin with REM sleep, and first four stages are not distinguishable from one another; sequence of REM and NREM sleep begins to reverse by about 3 months of age
89
Six levels of consciousness
conscious, confused, delirious, obtunded, stuporous, comatose
90
post-traumatic amnesia
post-injury anterograde amnesia; duration has been found to be a good predictor of persistence of symptoms
91
retrograde amnesia in head injury
recent memories are affected more than remote memories, and remote memories return first
92
recovery timeline for head injury
greatest amount of recovery occurs during the first three months, with considerable additional recovery occurring through the first year
93
postconcussional syndrome/disorder
immediate symptoms include headache, dizziness, nausea, blurred vision, drowsiness; subsequent symptoms can include cognitive impairment, irritability, depression, anxiety; DSM diagnosis includes head injury, problems with attention or memory, and three other symptoms for at least three months
94
three main causes of stroke
1. thrombosis (blood clot), 2. embolism (blockage by material from another part of blood stream), 3. hemorrhage
95
risk factors for stroke
hypertension, atherosclerosis, atrial fibrillation, myocardial infarction, diabetes, smoking, increasing age (esp after 60)
96
middle cerebral artery stroke symptoms
contralateral hemiplegia and hemianasthesia, controlateral homonymous hemianopia (visual field loss), dysarthira, aphasia, apraxia and sensory neglect
97
posterior cerebral artery stroke symptoms
contralateral homonymous hemianopia (visual field loss), memory loss, unilateral cortical blindness, visual agnosia
98
anterior cerebral artery stroke symptoms
contralateral hemiplegia, gait apraxia, apathy, depression, confusion, impaired judgment/insight, bower and bladder incontinence, mutism
99
Huntington's Disease age of onset
30-50
100
Huntington's symptom progression
1. emotional and cognitive symptoms (depression, apathy, anxiety, antisocial tendencies, forgetfulness); 2. early motor symptoms of fidgeting and clumsiness; 3. facial grimaces and "piano playing" movements of fingers (beginning of chorea); 4. progression of chorea, "dance-like" gait, athetosis (slow, writhing movements), 5. Dementia
101
Huntington's brain regions
loss of GABA-secreting neurons and glutamate exotoxicity in the basal ganglia, especially the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus
102
Parkinson's brain regions
progressive degeneration of dopamine-containing cells in the substantial nigra, which affects other connecting areas including the thalamus and frontal lobes
103
positive and negative Parkinson's symptoms
positive: tremor at rest, muscle rigidity (including mask-like facial expression), akathisia; negative: postural disturbances, speech difficulties, bradykinesia (slowed movement), akinesia (reduction in spontaneous movement)
104
Parkinson's and depression
depression precedes motor symptoms in about 20%, about 50% have depression at some point during illness
105
Parkinson's treatment
L-dopa (dopamine agonist); injecting cells into the basal ganglia
106
generalized seizures
bilaterally symmetrical, no focal onset; include tonic-clonic and absence seizures; may have thalamus involvement
107
partial seizures
begin in one side of the brain and affect one side of the body initially, although they sometime spread and become generalized; include simple partial seizures and complex partial seizures; often involve temporal lobe, but can arise in one of the other lobes of the cerebral cortex
108
multiple sclerosis
involves degeneration of the myelin that surrounds nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord; believed to be an autoimmune response and can be triggered by genetic, viral, or environmental factors
109
MS demographics
more common in women than men, onset usually between 20 and 40
110
MS types
relapsing-remitting (80-85% initially); most progress to secondary progressive types, which involves gradual worsening with distance periods of relapse and remission
111
symptoms of MS
optic neuritis, fatigue that worsens in afternoon, motor impairments, sensory abnormalities. Later symptoms include tremors, speech and swallowing problems, hearing loss, depression/anxiety/mood symptoms, cognitive impairment (in 50-70%, usually mild), sexual dysfunction, loss of bladder/bowel control
112
primary (essential) versus secondary hypertension
primary has no known cause; secondary is related to anther condition
113
demographic risk factors for hypertension
family history, older age, african american race, male (in younger group), female (in older group and African Americans)
114
behavioral risk factors for hypertension
obesity, cigarette smoking, excessive use of table salt, stress
115
fibromyalgia symptoms
muscle aches, tenderness, stiffness, fatigue, sleep disturbances; more common in females and in middle age; symptoms often respond to some extent to behavioral treatments
116
classic versus common migraine
classic starts with an aura of focal neurological symptoms
117
risk factors for migraine
menstruation, stress and relaxation after stress, changes in barometric pressure, alcohol, decongestant and analgesic overuse, certain foods; more common in women, linked to perfectionism, orderliness, neuroticism, inflexibility and ambitiousness
118
etiology of migraine
constriction and dilation of blood vessels in the brain; linked to low serotonin levels
119
prevalence of PMS symptoms
up to 75% of women experience some symptoms; 20-50% experience a "premenstrual syndrome,"; 3-5% meet criteria for PMDD
120
pituitary gland
referred to as "master gland" because it influences other endocrine glands; produces antidiuretic hormone and somatotrophic (growth) hormone
121
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
produced in pituitary; acts in kidneys to mediate fluid retention; hypo secretion produces diabetes insipidus (excessive water loss)
122
somatotrophic (growth) hormone
produced in pituitary; stimulates muscle and skeletal growth; hypo secretion produces dwarfism, which hyper secretion results in giantism in childhood and acromegaly (enlarged hands, feet, and facial features) in adulthood
123
thyroid gland
produces thyroxine
124
hyperthyroidism
produces Grave's disease, a disorder characterized by speeded metabolism, elevated body temperature, heat intolerance, increased appetite with weight loss, accelerated heart rate, agitation, emotional lability, fatigue, insomnia, and reduced attention span
125
hypothyroidism
involves slowed metabolism, reduced appetite with weight gain, slower heart rate, lowered body temperature, lethargy, depression, decreased libido, apathy, confusion, and impaired concentration and memory
126
pancreas
releases insulin; too much insulin causes hypoglycemia, a disorder involving hunger, dizziness, headaches, blurred vision, palpitations, anxiety, depression, and confusion; too little causes diabetes mellitus, which can cause increased appetite with weight loss, polyuria, polydipsia, increased susceptibility to infection, apathy, confusion, and mental dullness
127
traditional antipsychotic drugs
phenothiazine, thioxanthene, and buyrophenone (haloperidol)
128
indications for traditional antipsychotic use
schizophrenia, acute mania, deductions and hallucinations associated with MDD, organic psychoses; more effective for positive than negative symptoms
129
traditional antipsychotic mode of action
blocks dopamine receptors in the brain (esp D2 receptors)
130
dopamine hypothesis
schizophrenia is due to overactivity at dopamine receptors due to oversensitivity or receptors of excessive dopamine levels
131
side effects of traditional antipsychotics
anticholinergic effects, extrapyramidal effects, neuroleptic malignant syndrome
132
anticholinergic effects
dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention, constipation, tachycardia, delayed ejaculation; usually appear early and disappear within a few weeks or months as tolerance is built up
133
extrapyramidal side effects
caused by effects of antipsychotics on dopamine receptors, especially in the caudate nucleus; include Parkinsonism, akathisia, and acute dystonia
134
tardive dyskinesia
symptoms similar to Huntington's that include involuntary rhythmic movements of jaw, lips, tongue, and extremities; usually late-occurring and more common in females and older patients; may be alleviated by a benzodiazepine or GABA agonist; most severe effects association with haloperidol (which is most potent)
135
neuroleptic malignant syndrome
rapid onset of motor, mental, and autonomic symptoms include muscle rigidity, tachycardia, hyperthermia, and altered consciousness; potentially fatal
136
atypical antipsychotic drugs
include dibenzodiazepine (clozapine), benzisoxazole (resperidone), thienobenzodiazepine (olazapine), and dibenzothiazepine (quetiapine)
137
atypical antipsychotic indications
schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression and suicidality, alcohol and drug addiction, hostility, motor movement association with Huntington's/Parkinson's/other movement disorders
138
atypical antipsychotic mode of action
act on D4 and other dopamine receptors and well as receptors for other neurotransmitter include serotonin and glutamate
139
side effects of atypical antipsychotics
anticholinergic effects; lowered seizure threshold; sedation; extrapyramidal side effects are less common but can happen; agranulocytosis and other blood dyscrasias; neuroleptic malignant syndrome; require careful blood monitoring
140
agranulocytosis
marked decrease in a certain type of white blood cell; can be a side effect of atypical antipsychotics
141
tricyclics
amitriptyline; nortiptyline; doxepin, imipramine, comiprimaine
142
tricyclic indications
most effective for depressions that involve decreased appetite and weight loss, early morning awakening/other sleep disturbances, psychomotor retardation, and anhedonia; particularly useful for alleviating vegatative/somatic symptoms of depression; also used for panic disorder, agoraphobia, bulimia, OCD, enuresis, and neuropathic pain
143
tricyclic mode of action
block the reuptake of norephinephrine, serotonin, and/or dopamine at the synapses
144
tricyclic side effects
cardiovascular symptoms (tachycardia, palpitations, hypertension or hypotension, cardic arrhythia); adverge affects more common in older people;
145
tricyclic overdose
can be lethal and should not be prescribed in large quantities to patients at risk for suicide; symptoms of overdose include ataxia, impaired concentration, agitation, severe hypotension, fever, cardiac arrhythmia, delirium, seizures, and coma
146
traditional antipsychotic drugs
phenothiazine, thioxanthene, and buyrophenone (haloperidol)
147
indications for traditional antipsychotic use
schizophrenia, acute mania, deductions and hallucinations associated with MDD, organic psychoses; more effective for positive than negative symptoms
148
traditional antipsychotic mode of action
blocks dopamine receptors in the brain (esp D2 receptors)
149
dopamine hypothesis
schizophrenia is due to overactivity at dopamine receptors due to oversensitivity or receptors of excessive dopamine levels
150
side effects of traditional antipsychotics
anticholinergic effects, extrapyramidal effects, neuroleptic malignant syndrome
151
anticholinergic effects
dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention, constipation, tachycardia, delayed ejaculation; usually appear early and disappear within a few weeks or months as tolerance is built up
152
extrapyramidal side effects
caused by effects of antipsychotics on dopamine receptors, especially in the caudate nucleus; include Parkinsonism, akathisia, and acute dystonia
153
tardive dyskinesia
symptoms similar to Huntington's that include involuntary rhythmic movements of jaw, lips, tongue, and extremities; usually late-occurring and more common in females and older patients; may be alleviated by a benzodiazepine or GABA agonist; most severe effects association with haloperidol (which is most potent)
154
neuroleptic malignant syndrome
rapid onset of motor, mental, and autonomic symptoms include muscle rigidity, tachycardia, hyperthermia, and altered consciousness; potentially fatal
155
atypical antipsychotic drugs
include dibenzodiazepine (clozapine), benzisoxazole (resperidone), thienobenzodiazepine (olazapine), and dibenzothiazepine (quetiapine)
156
atypical antipsychotic indications
schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression and suicidality, alcohol and drug addiction, hostility, motor movement association with Huntington's/Parkinson's/other movement disorders
157
atypical antipsychotic mode of action
act on D4 and other dopamine receptors and well as receptors for other neurotransmitter include serotonin and glutamate
158
side effects of atypical antipsychotics
anticholinergic effects; lowered seizure threshold; sedation; extrapyramidal side effects are less common but can happen; agranulocytosis and other blood dyscrasias; neuroleptic malignant syndrome; require careful blood monitoring
159
agranulocytosis
marked decrease in a certain type of white blood cell; can be a side effect of atypical antipsychotics
160
tricyclics
amitriptyline; nortiptyline; doxepin, imipramine, comiprimaine
161
tricyclic indications
most effective for depressions that involve decreased appetite and weight loss, early morning awakening/other sleep disturbances, psychomotor retardation, and anhedonia; particularly useful for alleviating vegatative/somatic symptoms of depression; also used for panic disorder, agoraphobia, bulimia, OCD, enuresis, and neuropathic pain
162
tricyclic mode of action
block the reuptake of norephinephrine, serotonin, and/or dopamine at the synapses
163
tricyclic side effects
cardiovascular symptoms (tachycardia, palpitations, hypertension or hypotension, cardic arrhythia); adverge affects more common in older people;
164
tricyclic overdose
can be lethal and should not be prescribed in large quantities to patients at risk for suicide; symptoms of overdose include ataxia, impaired concentration, agitation, severe hypotension, fever, cardiac arrhythmia, delirium, seizures, and coma
165
SSRI's
fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, sertraline
166
SSRI mode of action
block the reuptake of serotonin
167
SNRIs
include effexor (velafaxine) and duloxetine (cymbalta); serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors; used for MDD, GAD, social anxiety, OCD; also used for certain pain conditions; may increase blood pressure and requires frequent monitoring
168
lithium
drug of choice for bipolar, especially "classic" bipolar that includes elevated rather than irritable mood and without rapid cycling
169
lithium mode of action
not well understood, but may be related to reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine
170
lithium side effects
gastrointestinal (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, metallic taste, weight gain); fine hand tremor and shakiness; fatigue; restlessness; polyuria; polydipsia; major danger is toxicity
171
lithium toxicity
symptoms include diarrhea, ataxia, drowsiness, slurred speech, confusion, and coarse tremor; serum levels must be closely monitored on lithium
172
carbamazepine
aka Tegretol; initial used as an anticonvulsant but also indicated for mania; valproic acid (Depakote) and clonazepam (Klonopin) are other anticonvulsants that can be helpful for mood stabilization
173
carbamazepine indications
helpful for bipolar that has not responded to lithium; more beneficial than lithium for those who experience frequent mood swings and for those with dysphoric mania
174
carbamazepine mode of action
not well understood, but believed to impact serotonin levels
175
carbamazepine side effects
dizziness; ataxia; visual disturbances; anorexia; nausea; rash; contraindicated for people with cardiac abnormalities; slight risk for agranulocyctosis and aplastic anemia and blood monitoring is required
176
sedative-hypnotics
include barbiturates, anxiolytics, and alcohol; generalized CNS depressants with generally dose-dependent effects
177
sedative-hypnotic withdrawal syndrome
tremors, anxiety, nausea, vomiting, paranoia, hallucinations, delirium, life-threatening convulsive seizures
178
barbiturate types
amobarbital, pentobarbital, secobarbital, phenobarbital
179
barbiturate side effects
used less often now due to serious side effects, which can include sedation, anesthesia, coma, and death; also can cause paradoxical excitement
180
barbiturate mode of action
interrupt impulsis to the reticular activating system
181
barbiturates and sleep
effect on inducing sleep usually lasts only a few weeks, than total sleep time may fall below pre-drug level; can also cause decrease in REM sleep; abrupt cessation can produce REM rebound and nightmares
182
benzodiazephines
most widely-used psychiatric medications (anxiolytics); include diazepam, alprazolam, oxazepam, triazolam, chlordiazepoxide, and lorazepam
183
benzodiazepine indications
relieve anxiety; treat sleep disturbances, seizures, CP, and other disorders involving muscle spasms, and alcohol withdrawal
184
benzodiazepine mode of action
stimulate the inhibitory action of the neurotransmitter GABA
185
benzodiazepine side effects
drowsiness, dizziness, lethargy, slurred speech, ataxia, impaired psychomotor ability, irritability, hostility, paradoxical excitation/agitation, increased appetite/weight gain, skin rash, blood dyscrasias, impaired sexual functioning, disorientation/confusion, sleep disturbances, anterograde amnesia, depression
186
benzodiazepine withdrawal
includes hyper excitability, seizures, depersonalization, panic, and stroke
187
beta blockers
includes propranolol (Inderal); used to treat high blood pressure, angina, and other cardio disorders; tremors; migraine headaches; glaucoma; also useful for alleviating physical symptoms associated with anxiety
188
beta-blocker mode of action
block beta-adrenergic receptors, which respond to epinephrine and norepinephrine
189
side effects of beta-blockers
bradycardia; shortness of breath; arterial insufficiency; nausea; diarrhea; depression; dizziness; sexual dysfunction; trouble sleeping; numbness/tingling in fingers and toes
190
narcotic-analgesics
opiods; have both sedative and analgesic properties; include opium, morphine, codeine, heroin, Percodan, Dilaudid, Demerol, Darvon, methadone
191
narcotic-analgesic indications
pain, diarrhea, cough suppressant
192
opioid mode of action
bind to body's natural opioid receptors
193
opioid side effects
constricted pupils; decreased visual acuity; increased perspiration; constipation; nausea; vomiting; respiratory depression
194
opioid withdrawal
symptoms include what seems like a bad case of the flu
195
amphetamine usage
narcolepsy and ADHD
196
stimulant drug mechanism of action
potentiate the release of norepinephrine and dopamine and block their reuptake
197
naltrexone
used to prevent alcohol use in those with abuse/dependence; opioid receptor antagonist that blocks the craving for and reinforcing effects of alcohol
198
disulfiram (Antabuse)
used to prevent alcohol use in those with abuse/dependence; inhibits alcohol metabolism and causes nausea, vomiting, sweating, headaches that deter individual fro drinking
