PSYCHSOC fls

Question 1

Serial position efffect _______

Answer 1

The serial position effect refers to improved memory for words at the beginning and at the end of a list. The visuospatial sketchpad is proposed as a subcomponent of working memory.

Question 2

Depth of processing

Answer 2

Depth of processing refers to the type of attention applied to words during encoding.

Question 3

Spreading activation

Answer 3

Spreading activation model means people organize their knowledge of the world based on their personal experience, which is saying those personal experiences form the network of ideas that is the person’s knowledge of the world.

Question 4

Primacy effect

Answer 4

The primacy effect refers to improved recall for words at the beginning of the list. Interference refers to irrelevant information interfering with recall

Question 5

The recency effect

Answer 5

better recall for the items at the end of the list

Question 6

Interference effect

Answer 6

Interference is a memory phenomenon in which some memories interfere with the retrieval of other memories. Essentially, interference occurs when some information makes it difficult to recall similar material. Similar memories compete, causing some to be more difficult to remember or even forgotten entirely.

Question 7

Sensory short term vs long term memory

Answer 7

The information is processed through sensory, short-term and long-term memory systems in the following ways: … It registers information from each of the senses with a reasonable accuracy. (ii) Short-term Memory − It refers to the system that holds small amount of information for a brief period of time. Short-term memory lasts for a very brief time and can only hold 7 +/- 2 pieces of information at once. Long-term storage can hold an indefinitely large amount of information and can last for a very long time. Implicit and explicit memories are two different types of long-term memory.

Question 8

Proactive interference

Answer 8

requires information, previously stored in long term memory, which can impede the learning of new information. Proactive interference involves the interference of information from long term memory with new information.

Question 9

Social reproduction

Answer 9

social reproduction, which refers to the perpetuation of inequalities through social institutions (such as education or the economy).

Question 10

Meritocracy

Answer 10

meritocracy (reward according to individual talent or effort) was involved.

Question 11

Inter generational mobility

Answer 11

movement within or between social classes and occupations, the change occurring from one generation to the next.

Question 12

Locus of control (external vs internal) concept of “self-identity”

Answer 12

internal locus of control (attributing an outcome or behavior to a personal trait). external locus of control (attributing an outcome or behavior to the situation or something else outside of the individual).

Question 13

Institutional discrimination

Answer 13

refers to treatment stemming from institutional culture or policies (rather than individual action).

Question 14

Cultural relativism

Answer 14

Cultural relativism is the evaluation of another culture based on that culture’s standards, which is not relevant for the statement in the passage.

Question 15

Social stratification

Answer 15

Social stratification refers to the objective hierarchy in a society, and often more specifically addresses the class-based hierarchy.

Question 16

Confirmation bias

Answer 16

Confirmation bias is the tendency to favor information that confirms existing beliefs. It can involve biases in the search for evidence and in the interpretation of evidence. Confirmation bias has also been found to be stronger for emotionally charged topics.

Question 17

Group polarization

Answer 17

when people who are in agreement with each other discuss an issue, their views get more extreme.

Question 18

Conflict theory perspective

Answer 18

The conflict theory perspective emphasizes social relations of capital, power, and status as the driving forces in society

Question 19

Anomie

Answer 19

Anomie refers to a lack of social norms, which leads to a breakdown in the connection between an individual and their community.

Question 20

A.Spearman’s idea of general intelligence
B.Gardner’s idea of eight intelligences
C.Galton’s idea of hereditary genius
D.Binet’s idea of mental age

Answer 20

A. Those who hold this view believe that intelligence can be measured and expressed by a single number, such as an IQ score. The idea is that this underlying general intelligence influences performance on all cognitive tasks.

B.Gardner’s suggestion that people have different types of intelligences. The theory of multiple intelligences proposes the differentiation of human intelligence into specific “modalities of intelligence”, rather than defining intelligence as a single, general ability. Linguistic, Logical/Mathematical, Spatial, Bodily-Kinesthetic, Musical, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, and Naturalist.

C. system of arranged marriages between men of distinction and women of wealth would eventually produce a gifted race. In 1865 the basic laws of heredity were discovered by the father of modern genetics

D. concept of mental age, or a measure of intelligence based on the average abilities of children of a certain age group.

Question 21

A.Operant conditioning
B.Classical conditioning
C.Observational learning
D.Latent learning

Answer 21

A.Operant conditioning= Operant conditioning is a type of associative learning process through which the strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment. It is also a procedure that is used to bring about such learning.

B.Classical conditioning= a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired: a response which is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.

C.Observational learning= method of learning that consists of observing and modeling another individual’s behavior, attitudes, or emotional expressions.

D.Latent learning= Latent learning is the subconscious retention of information without reinforcement or motivation. In latent learning,

Question 22

Kohlberg’s theory of moral development

Answer 22

Level 1: preconventional morality
Stage 1. Obedience and Punishment Orientation. The child/individual is good in order to avoid being punished. If a person is punished, they must have done wrong.
• Stage 2. Individualism and Exchange. At this stage, children recognize that there is not just one right view that is handed down by the authorities. Different individuals have different viewpoints.

Level 2: conventional morality

• Stage 3. Good Interpersonal Relationships. The child/individual is good in order to be seen as being a good person by others. Therefore, answers relate to the approval of others.
• Stage 4. Maintaining the Social Order. The child/individual becomes aware of the wider rules of society, so judgments concern obeying the rules in order to uphold the law and to avoid guilt.

Level 3:post conventional morality

Stage 5. Social Contract and Individual Rights. The child/individual becomes aware that while rules/laws might exist for the good of the greatest number, there are times when they will work against the interest of particular individuals.

The issues are not always clear-cut. For example, in Heinz’s dilemma, the protection of life is more important than breaking the law against stealing.
• Stage 6. Universal Principles. People at this stage have developed their own set of moral guidelines which may or may not fit the law. The principles apply to everyone.

E.g., human rights, justice, and equality. The person will be prepared to act to defend these principles even if it means going against the rest of society in the process and having to pay the consequences of disapproval and or imprisonment. Kohlberg doubted few people reached this stage.

Question 23

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

Answer 23

Sensorimotor Birth to 18–24 months old -Object permanence
Preoperational 2 to 7 years old -Symbolic thought
Concrete operational 7 to 11 years old -Operational thought
Formal operational Adolescence to adulthood -Abstract concept

Question 24

World system theory

Answer 24

global inequalities in terms of core nations (more economically developed with strong governments and institutions) and periphery nations (less economically developed with weak governments and institutions).

Question 25

Mead’s theory of identity

Answer 25

“I” is the spontaneous and autonomous part of the self

The “me” is the part of the self that is formed in interaction with others and with the general social environment.

Question 26

Fixed interval 
Variable interval
Fixed ratio(continuous reinforcement)
Variable ratio

Answer 26

Fixed interval = paid every two weeks
Variable interval = slot machines at casinos payoff after a certain number of plays 
Fixed ratio(continuous reinforcement)= you get a nickel for every can of soda can you return 
Variable ratio = random -unpredictable

Question 27

A.implicit memory.
B.procedural memory.
C.sensory memory.
D.working memory.
E. Explicit

Answer 27

A.implicit memory. = information you remember with no effort

B.procedural memory. = type of implicit memory which aids the performance of particular types of tasks without conscious awareness of these previous experiences. Procedural memory guides the processes we perform, and most frequently resides below the level of conscious awareness.

C.sensory memory.= Sensory memory is a very brief memory that allows people to retain impressions of sensory information after the original stimulus has ceased. It is often thought of as the first stage of memory that involves registering a tremendous amount of information about the environment, but only for a very brief period.

D.working memory.= cognitive system with a limited capacity that can hold information temporarily. Working memory is important for reasoning and the guidance of decision-making and behavior.

E. Explicit = Information that you have to consciously work to remember is known as

Question 28

Bystander effect

Answer 28

bystander effect, which refers to the observation that an individual who needs assistance will be less likely to be helped (or receive needed help more slowly) as the number of people nearby increases.

Question 29

Cultural capital and charismatic authority

Answer 29

Cultural capital (option C) is class-based cultural practices. Finally, charismatic authority (option D) refers to a form of power that rests in the legitimacy of an individual.

Question 30

Reaction formation

Answer 30

In psychoanalytic theory, reaction formation is a defense mechanism in which emotions and impulses which are anxiety-producing or perceived to be unacceptable are mastered by exaggeration of the directly opposing tendency

Question 31

social constructionism

Answer 31

Social constructionism is a theory of knowledge in sociology and communication theory that examines the development of jointly-constructed understandings of the world that form the basis for shared assumptions about reality. … Another example of a social construction is the concept of self/self-identity.