Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

2020 Winter > PSYofLANG 2 > Flashcards

PSYofLANG 2 Flashcards

(66 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

lexical access

A

process of activating lexical items from semantic memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

TOT phenomenon

A

tip-of-tongue; can’t remember word but think of something similar (“starts with”)

  • temporarily unable to retreieve it (typically remember some of phonological features (1st letter, # of syllables)
  • how words are organized phonologically
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

agrammatism

A

omission of function words (of, to, an); only speak in content words (nouns)
- say separate words but never connected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

sense and reference

A

sense: relationship a word has with others in lexicon
reference: relationship between linguistic expression and some object/idea in world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

mental model

A

cognitive structure that represents some aspect of environmental ( representation of the surrounding )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

taxonomic relations

A

relations among words that indicate position of words in hierarchy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

taxonomic relations:

  • referents:
  • synonymy:
  • coordination:
  • hyponymy:
  • hypernomy:
  • merenomy:
A
  • referents: things in the world being referred to
  • synonymy: 2 things that mean the same thing (panic & fear)
  • coordination: exist on same level in hierarchy (cat/dog)
  • hyponymy: word lower than another in hierarchy (lemonade is hyponomy of beverage)
  • hypernomy: above in hierarchy
  • merenomy: parts of object (back and legs are merenomys of chair)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

semantic network

A

model of semantic memory in which words represent seperate nodes connected to each other by various relationships (lion –> tiger)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

category size effect

A

greater the distance between 2 words in a hierarchy –> the longer the response time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

typicality effect

A

items that are more typical of a given subordinate take less time to verify than atypical (dog is an animal is FASTER than dog is a mammal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

spreading activation model

A

people organize general knowledge based on individual experiences (one word activates pathways to related words)

  • activation decreases as distance increases
  • decreases unless representation is attended
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

search models

A

higher frequency words are searched before low frequency words
- lexicon independent of other language processing systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

logogen model

A

each word has a threshold
(phonologically - sound
semantic - own name)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

cohort model

A

lexical access in which possible words in mental lexicon are identified based on initial sounds of word;
impossible words are eliminated as auditory input progresses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

word frequency

A

we respond faster to high frequency words than low frequency words (in lexical decision task)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

word superiority effect

A

letters are easier to recognize when in word form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

lexical decision task

A

are strings of letters = a word?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

semantic priming

A

word presented earlier activates another semantically related word during lexical decision task

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

garden path sentences

A

grammatically correct sentences that are ambiguous/seem like they don’t make sense (incorrect parsing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

ambiguity resolution

A

after ambiguous word – phoneme-monitoring is slightly longer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

lexical ambiguity
v
syntactic ambiguity

A

lexical: 1 word can mean 2 things (child’s stool great for use in garden)
synt: not understanding sentence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

intersection density

A

how much words intersect with similar words (auditory/visual)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

sentence parsing and strategies

A

parsing: assigning elements to sentence’s surface structure to linguistic categories

  • late closure
  • immediacy principle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

immediacy principle

A

we make decisions about words as soon as we encounter them (assess meaning, fit into syntactic structure of sentence)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
late closure
we attach new items to word that came right before (close together) ((john lennon sentence))
26
minimal attachment strategy
we prefer attaching new items into the phrase marker (we group parts of a sentence)
27
reduced relatives
missing function words (relative pronouns) that make it difficult to know where relative clause begins
28
modular vs interactive models
modular- we have separate semantic, syntax, phonological models interactive- all occurring @ same time (listening to a sentence)
29
"good enough" processing
language processing/sentence parsing doesn't always generate complete analysis of sentence but based on first-glance; roll with it
30
agent v recipient
agent- individual performing an action | recipient- individual whom the action is performed on
31
figurative language
language that means one thing literally but it taken to mean something else (george went through the roof) (amy is under the weather)
32
figurative language - indirect speech text - metaphor - tenor - vehicle - ground
- literal utterance not same as meaning (can you close the window? it's cold in here) metaphor: word/phrase that denotes one idea is interpreted to mean something else - - tenor: topic of metaphor - - vehicle: predicted of metaphor - - ground: similiary between tenor and vehicle
33
locutionary v illocutionary
loc: act of saying something illoc: action performed by saying something
34
gricean maxims
quantity: make as informative as possible quality: make truthful manner: avoid ambiguity/obscurity relation: make relevant to convo
35
pragmatic theory
we comprehend figurative language by considering literal meaning, then rejecting it
36
conceptual metaphor theory
metaphors not creative expressions but underlying conceptual metaphors (love is a journey) verbal metaphors: look how far we've come, we're spinning our wheels
37
class inclusion theory
subordinate class (dog) must be smaller than superordinate class (animal)
38
memory for meaning and surface forms in sentences
we have good memory for meaning (deep), rarely for wording (surface)
39
context effects in memory
we remember things better in same context
40
false recognition errors
people thought they saw/heard a stimulus that wasn't present because was related to other
41
types of speech errors
1. anticipation (2nd--> 1st) 2. perseveration (1st-->2nd) 3. spoonerisms (reversal) 4. deletion 5. addition 6. substitution 7. blend 8. shift - consonant - vowel - articulation - voicing
42
properties of speech errors
- consistent with linguistic rules - typically occur on same stressed syllable (most stressed) - both consonants/vowels - same placement (beginning of word)
43
explanations of speech errors
errors at feature level (during planning)
44
misderivations v malapropism
misderivationd: adding wrong phoneme to word malapropism: unintentional misuse of a word; confusing w/one that sounds similar
45
lexical bias effect
tendency for speech errors to form words rather than non-words
46
phonological bias technique
induce lexical errors by varying the nature of the words that precede the test word
47
partial activation
some activation more activated than others; we know 1st letter and # of syllables (activation of same nodes)
48
motor command and vocal target tract hyp
we have intrinsic motor programs that correspond to specific phonemes, and these motor programs are filled in sequentially to form words/sentences
49
delayed auditory feedback (DAF)
speak into a mic and hear yourself delayed
50
DAF and stuttering
DAF helps alleviate stuttering -- facilitates storage of incoming auditory feedback from own speech - they plan speech too far ahead and lose place in an utterance
51
open vs closed feedback
open (unlikely): we produce speech independent of auditory feedback closed: speech mainly reliant on auditory feedback (DAF)
52
articulation
clear and distinct sounds in speech
53
planning and production cycles
phonemes and distinctive features are independent planning units = occur @ only one level of planning at a stime
54
self-monitoring and self-repairs
1. after detecting errors, we interrupt ourselves 2. utter an editing expression 3. fix the utterance - most self-interruptions occur immediately after error
55
self-repairs - instant repair - anticipatory - fresh start
- instant repair (most common): retrace to single word, replace w/ correct word) - ant: retrace to before error - fresh start: try new sentence entirely
56
Including _______ complicates estimation of the size of the mental lexicon.
morphology
57
Modular views of parsing claim that:
syntax is processed before semantics and pragmatics
58
ASL
ASL makes similar errors to speech
59
The vocal cords or vocal folds are included in which system of production?
laryngeal
60
Dell model
use both bottom-up and top down more activation for real words
61
inference proposition elaboration
- we draw possible meanings (propositions) from sentences - unit of meaning consisting of a predicate plus one or more arguments - a process by which incoming information is related to information stored in long-term memory, thereby enriching the memory representation of the new material
62
MacKay
Compared to unambiguous utterances, ambiguous utterances: - took longer to begin completing - took longer to complete fully - stutter, disfluencies, etc. - subjects unaware of ambiguity
63
Bever, Garrett, Hurtig
adding a clause boundary facilitated sentence completion task compared to ambiguous sentences without clause boundary - "Flying planes can..." SLOWER - "Although flying planes can be dangerous, he..." FASTER
64
Swinney
sentence comprehension (BUGS)
65
Trueswell
Lexical knowledge of the animacy of words can influence the parser - we take longer to comprehend sentences when both the agent and recipient are animate versus when just the agent is animate - the defendant was examined by the lawyer - the evidence was examined by the lawyer
66
Christianson
while anna dressed the baby played in the crib

2020 Winter (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions