psypsysiology 4640 test1 Flashcards
(169 cards)
1
Q
physiological
A
physical explanations of behavior
2
Q
ontogenetic
A
study of development over time
3
Q
evolutionary
A
reconstruction of a structure or behavior through evolution
4
Q
functional
A
explains what caused a structure or behavior to evolve
5
Q
dualism
A
the idea that the mind and body are separate
6
Q
monism
A
the idea that the mind and body are the same
7
Q
solipism
A
nothing outside of your own mind exists
8
Q
homozygous
A
a set of identical genes
9
Q
heterozygous
A
a set of different genes
10
Q
autosomal
A
all chromosomes other than sex linked genes
11
Q
epigenetics
A
change in gene expression without gene modification
12
Q
neurons
A
a cell that receives and transmits info to and from other cells through electrical impulses
13
Q
glial cells
A
cells that unlike neurons do not conduct impulses to other cells
14
Q
oligodendrocytes
A
glial cells that produce myelin sheath in the CNS
15
Q
schwann cells
A
glial cells that produce myelin sheath in the PNs
16
Q
microglia
A
a type of glial cell that picks up waste and functions like immune cells in the brain (cns)
17
Q
astrocytes
A
a type of glial cell that wraps around the ends of neurons and syncronizes their firing and also picks up waste.
18
Q
radial glia
A
glial cell that guides the migration of neurons during embryological development
19
Q
endothelial cells
A
these cells compose the blood brain barrier which protects the brain from harmful toxins, weakest area of it is the area postremia (gag reflex)
20
Q
plasma membrane
A
a cells semipermiable membrane that allows things in and out selectively
21
Q
nucleus
A
the part of a cell that contains it’s chromosomes; also a cluster of neuron cell bodies within the CNS
22
Q
mitochondria
A
does the cells metabolic activities that provide energy
23
Q
ribosomes
A
where a cell synthesizes new protein molecules
24
Q
endoplasmic reticulum
A
network of transport tubes for newly synthesized proteins
25
nodes of ranvier
short unmyleinated section of axon between myelinated segments
26
sensory neurons
specialized neurons that are highly sensitive to a specific stimulation
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motor neurons
neurons that conduct impulses from its soma in the spinal cord to muscle or gland cells
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afferent
brings information into a neuron
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efferent
takes information away from a neuron
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interneuron AKA intrinsic
neuron whose axons and dendrites are all confined within a given structure
31
propagation
the way action potential travels through an axon without mylenation
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saltatory conduction
jumping of action potential from one node of raniver to another by flow of positive ions
33
resting potential of a neuron
-70 milivolts
34
sodium potassium pump
actively transports 3 sodium ions from the cell and simultaneously draws 2 potassium ions into the cell
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hyperpolarize
to make a neuron ever more negative than resting -70 milivolts
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depolarize
a reduction in the polarization of a cell
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threshold for action potential
-55 milivolts
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action potential
rapid depolarization of a cell
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all or none law
the size of a stimulus is independent of the size of the action potential
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refractory period
brief period following the release of an action potential when a cell resists firing another action potential
41
graded potentials
graded potentials are produced by local neurons and do not follow the all or none law
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synapse
point of communcation between neurons
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synaptic cleft
the gap between dendrites
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excitatory postsynaptic potential
creates an action potential
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inhibitory post synaptic potential
creates a hyperpolarization in a cell, less responsive to stimulus
46
spontaneous firing rates
periodic production of action potentials by a neuron in the absence of synaptic input
47
neurotransmitters (3 types)
Amino Acids, Peptides, Gases
48
neurotransmitter
chemicals released by neurons that affect other neurons
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vesicles
sperical packets near the axon terminals that are filled with neurotransmitters
50
dale's law
neurons release the same NT at all of their synapses
51
ionotropic
synaptic effect that depends on the rapid opening of a gate (rapid onset)
52
metabotropic
produces relatively slow but long lasting effect
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neuromodulator
generally caused by peptides through second messengers, they modulate the effects of other NTs
54
ACh breakdown
ACh- Acetate and Choline - Acetylcholinesterase
55
reuptake
reabsorption of a NT by the presynaptic terminal
56
autoreceptors
presynaptic receptor gives feedback by the presynaptic cell itself which signals the decrease of NT release
57
transporters
membrane protein responsible for the reuptake of a NT after its release
58
endogenous
made within the body
59
exogenous
made outside of the body
60
psychopharmacology
study of how drugs affect behavior
61
conditioned place preference
3 roomed test that determines how reinforcing a drug is
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agonist
drug that mimics or increases a NT effect
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antagonist
a drug that inhibits the effects of a NT
64
affinity
strength of attachment of a NT
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efficacy
ability of a NT to stimulate a receptor after attached
66
nucleus accumbens
rich in dopeamine receptors, a major location for the reinforcement of drugs
67
two endogenous opiates
endorphins & enkephalins
68
adenosine
a neurotransmitter that makes you sleepy, it is inhibited by caffeine
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two endogenous THC receptor users
Anandamide, 2AG
70
what is HPPD
hallucinogen produced perceptual disorder
71
Alcohol Breakdown
Acetaldehyde - acetaldehyde dehydrogenace - acetic acid
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disulfiram - antabuse
inhibits the breakdown of alcohol
73
CNS components
Brain and Spine
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PNS components
Somatic and Autonomic systmes
75
Somatic system (soma=body)
somatic - sensory to motor output
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Autonomic system
involuntary systems, Sympathetic(prepares body for vigorous activity) Parasympathetic(prepares vegetative non emergency functions)
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Bell-Magendie Law
Dorsal roots of the spine carry sensory information, Ventral roots carry motor information
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Dorsal root ganglia
set of sensory neuron somata on the dorsal side of the spinal cord
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Medulla
controls breathing and heartrate. lots of opiate receptors here.
80
Pons
Large crossover of information here
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Cerebellum
Motor movement, complex cognitive tasks
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reticular formation
neurons control brain arousal and attention
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tectum
roof of mid brain, has two side swellings called Superior and Inferior Colliculi, which are routes for sensory information
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tegmentum
intermediate midbrain structure
85
substantia nigra
abundant dopeamine containing neurons; important for readiness of movement
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amygdala
controls emotion, most of all FEAR
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hippocampus
important for learning and memory, holds distinct nuclei
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hypothalamus
feeding, drinking, immunity, sex
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limbic system components
Amygdala, septum, hippocampus
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Basal Ganglia 3parts
Caudate, Putamen, Globus Pallidus. the basal ganglia delivers movement information and emotional expression
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Basal forebrain - nucleus basalis
important for attention and arousal
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ventricles
1 in each hemisphere filled with CSF, 3rd vent where the hemispheres meet 4th vent. in the medulla, 5th vent(central canal) carrys CSF down the spine
93
What type of cells create CSF?
Choroid plexus cells, line ventricles and create CSF
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subarachnoid space
only in the CNS, a space between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater, that is filled with CSF
95
vertebral arteries carry blood to?
The back of the brain
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the carotid arteries carry blood to?
the front of the brain
97
Meninges (3 layers)
Dura mater(tough outer layer), Arachnoid membrane(spongy middle later), pia mater(inner layer very close to brain/spine)
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What happens when the flow of CSF is blocked?
Hydrocephaly
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Cerebral Cortex
80% of brain by volume, recieves sensory infor and sends motor info to other side of body(contralateral control). the external cortex is composed of grey matter (nonmylenated axons)
100
corpus callosum-anterior commisure
The two axon bundles between the hemispheres that allow communication between them.
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laminae
cell layers that are parallel to the brain surace (6 layers in brain)
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occipital cortes
(back of brain) is main target for sensory information from the thalamus, recieves visual pathway input.
103
striate cortex
the most posterior of occipital, is primary visual cortex. damage to striate cortex = blindness
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parietal lobe
is the body info. center primary target for touch, skin, muscle information
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central sulcus
large groove separating frontal from parietal cortex
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temporal lobe
main target for auditory signals, includes the vestibular system: sense of balance; temporal lobe important for language. facial recognition, and visual tasks.
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kulver-bucy syndrome
there is a complete absence of fear
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frontal lobe
responsible for fine motor movement, last to fully develop, houses impulsivity, & socially appropriate behaviors
109
stereotaxis
purposely lesion and animals brain and study effects
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bregma
point where frontal and parietal bones meet
111
necropsy
term for the autopsy of animals
112
microtome
machine that very thinly slices animal brain to see lesions
113
microdialysis
measure brain activity, implant device in brain hold in place w dental plastic
114
autoradiography
measures brain activity used to tell where particular receptors are. Take a NT radioactively label the NT then in ject into animal wait then kill animal an slice up brain and find the radioactive tag
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immunohistochemistry
procedure that uses immune system to label certain chemicals in the brain
116
cat scan
uses dyes and xrays to construct an image of the brain 1degree at a time.
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MRI
uses atomic movement to yeild brain image through magnetics
118
EEG
records brain electrical activity with electrodes attached to the scalp. averages the electrical activity, can determine the state of sleep a person is in.
119
Evoked potentials
seen in EEG scan when something surprising or meaningful occurs
120
PETscan
measures brain activity through radioactive decay, which creates certain atomic movements
121
proliferation (step1neuronalgrowth)
Production of new cells.
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migration (step2neuronalgrowth)
follows proliferation, cells begin to migrate towards their destination through the help of lg's and chemokines
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differerentiation(step3neuronalgrowth)
neurons unique shape occurs in this phase, axons develop first they then turn into what they're going to be.
124
myelination (step4neuronalgrowth)
starts at spinal cord and works its way upward (oligdendrocytes create myelin in CNS)
125
synaptogenesis (step5neuronalgrowth)
formation of the synapses, occurs throughout life. doesn't quit.
126
neural darwinism
The strongest cells survive
127
neurotropins-tropic factors
chemicals sent out by the target of a neuron, tropic factors chemicals that promote the growth and survival of incoming axons.
128
apoptosis
programmed cell death of a neurons
129
teratogens
agent that causes permanent harm to a developing fetus
130
focal hand dystonia
brain rewires the fingers and consequently you cannot tell fingers apart from eachother
131
anoxia
a lack of oxygen
132
edema
swelling of the brain that results from excess water in brain tissue
133
ischemia
a blood clot of obstruction in a blood vessel
134
hemorrhage
the rupturing of a blood vessel(cells in penumbra die via anoxia)
135
penumbra
cells surrounding immediate stroke area
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contusion
closed head injury when brain bounces off skull, may result in brain bruising.
137
luria nebraska
psychometric test takes 2.5 hrs to administer
138
weschler IQ
most used psychometric measurement
139
kennard principle-serial lesion effect
you recover better from a slow onset lesion than a fast onset lesion
140
diaschisis
decreased neuronal activity post destruction or injury to other neurons
141
denervation supersensitivty
increased activity of a neuron after its activating axon is destroyed
142
regeneration
(doesnt' take place in CNS) axon in periphery is destroyed it may grow back. but it does not always grow back where / how it should
143
collateral sprouting
many neurons whose initial targets died, then remaining neurons hook up with surviving neurons to continue to send information.
144
ganglioside
class of chemicals that aid in collateral sprouting, they help guide the neurons to alive neurons.
145
halstead reitan
sensitive psychometric exam with subtests that takes 8 hours to administer
146
dorsal
towards the back
147
ventral
towards the front (stomach)
148
anterior
toward the front end
149
posterior
toward the rear end
150
superior
above another part
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inferior
below another part
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lateral
toward the side, away from midline
153
medial
toward the middle, away from the side
154
proximal
located near the point of origin
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distal
located more distant from point of origin
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ipsilateral
on the same side of the body as
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contralateral
on the opposite side of the body as
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coronal plane
viewing a structure from the front (corona bottle)
159
sagittal plane
viewing structure from the side view (like sagittarius constilation)
160
horizontal plane
viewing structures from above
161
lamina
a row or layer of cell bodies separated from other cell bodies by a layer of axons and dendrites
162
column
a set of cells perpendicular to the surface of the cortex
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tract aka projection
a set of axons within the CNS if axons extend from cell bodies from one structure to another they are said to be projecting from A onto B
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nerve
a set of axons in the PNS either from the CNS to a muscle or from a sensory organ to the CNS
165
nucleus
a cluster of neuron cell bodies within the CNS
166
ganglion
a cluster of neuron cell bodies usually outside the CNS
167
gyrus
a raise on the surface of the brain
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sulcus
a fold or groove in the structure of the brain
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fissure
a long deep sulcus
