PSYU2222 Overview Flashcards
Prepare for final exam (199 cards)
1
Q
What is the definition of health according to WHO?
A
A complete state of physical, mental, and social wellbeing, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
World Health Organisation, 1946
2
Q
What are the critiques of the WHO definition of health?
A
- Broad
- Does not clarify the role of each factor
- Health and illness are not just presence or absence of symptoms
- Ignores socio-economic and cultural influences
- Definition changes with the world
3
Q
Define wellbeing
A
Wellbeing refers to the overall state of being comfortable, healthy, and happy, both physically and psychologically.
Willroth, 2023
4
Q
Which of the following are the 6 thees of wellbing?
A. Physical, Emotional, Financial, Career, Social, Environmental
B. Physical, Mental/Emotional, Social, Personal Circumstances, Activities and Functioning, Spiritual
C. Mental, Emotional, Intellectual, Financial, Environmental, Physical
D. Social, Emotional, Occupational, Physical, Spiritual, Financial
A
B. Physical, Mental/Emotional, Social, Personal Circumstances, Activities and Functioning, Spiritual
5
Q
What is subjective wellbeing?
Provide 3 examples.
A
Personal assessment of one’s own life, including happiness, life satisfaction, and positive emotions.
6
Q
What are measures of objective wellbeing?
Provide 3 examples.
A
Measurable indicators such as physical health, income, and social relationships that contribute to overall wellbeing.
7
Q
What was Hippocrates’ contribution to health concepts?
4
A
Introduced humoral theory, suggesting health depends on the balance of four bodily fluids.
8
Q
What did Galen contribute to the understanding of health?
A
Advanced Hippocrates’ work by recognizing disease localization and associating health with different organs.
9
Q
What significant advancement occurred during the Islamic Golden Age?
792 AD
A
Establishment of the first mental hospital in Baghdad.
10
Q
What characterised the Middle Ages in terms of medical knowledge?
A
Regression in medical knowledge with supernatural explanations dominating understanding of illness.
11
Q
Describe Descartes’ theory of dualism.
A
Proposed that the mind and body are separate entities that interact, particularly through the pineal gland.
12
Q
What is the Biomedical Model?
A
Traditional approach in Western medicine viewing health as the absence of disease and focusing on biological processes.
13
Q
What is the primary limitation of the Biomedical Model?
A
Overemphasizes biological factors and neglects psychological and social aspects, making it less effective for mental health issues.
14
Q
What is psychosomatic medicine?
A
Explored links between personality patterns and illnesses but lacked methodological rigor.
15
Q
What does the Biopsychosocial ( Model consider in health and illness?
A. Only biological factors, focusing on physical symptoms and medical treatments
B. Psychological and spiritual factors, excluding physical or environmental influences
C. Biological, psychological, and social factors influencing health, recognizing multiple causes and treatment options for illness
D. Social and environmental factors, without considering mental or physical health
A
C. Biological, psychological, and social factors influencing health, recognizing multiple causes and treatment options for illness
16
Q
What are the goals of health psychology?
A
- Promoting wellness
- Preventing illness
- Improving healthcare delivery
- Understanding psychological factors affecting health
- Supporting individuals with chronic illnesses
17
Q
What percentage of Australians aged 16-85 have experienced a mental illness?
A
45% will experience a mental illness at some point in their life.
18
Q
What is the prevalence of mental illness in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples?
A
24% reported experiencing a mental health or behavioural condition.
19
Q
What percentage of LGBTQiA+ Australians report depression?
A
61% report depression.
20
Q
What is a multidisciplinary approach in healthcare?
A
A holistic approach to patient/client care guided by ethical and professional codes of practice.
21
Q
What are the 4 core interpersonal skills in health professions?
A
- Interviewing
- Coaching
- Counselling
- Psychotherapy
22
Q
What is the purpose of active listening?
A
To support the client and detect subtle changes in thoughts, feelings, and behavior.
23
Q
What does the acronym SOLER stand for in active listening?
A
- Sit SQUARELY
- Adopt an OPEN posture
- LEAN forward
- Maintain EYE contact
- Be RELAXED and natural
24
Q
In the context of Interpersonal Skills in the Therapeutic Alliance what does SURETY stand for?
A
SIT at an angle
UNCROSS legs and arms
RELAX
Maintain EYE contact
TOUCH (caution)
use (within reason) YOUR intuition
25
Acoording to SOLER and SURETY open and relaxed body langauge is a key element of enhancing comfotability with clients in the therapeutic alliance - why is this?
It signals attentiveness, empathy, and safety, helping clients feel more at ease and understood.
26
What are primary emotions?
Sad, Angry, Happy, Scared, Disgusted, Surprised.
27
What is Empathy?
Recognition and acknowledgment of the feelings of another without experiencing those same emotions.
28
*"walking in the other person’s shoes." *
Is an example of what?
A) Visualisation
B) Sympathy
C) Empathy
D) Being a good person
C.
29
True or False:
Empathy involves personally understanding and sharing another person's feelings, while sympathy is feeling compassion or sorrow for someone without necessarily sharing their emotional experience.
True.
This is important to understand when enacting interperonal skillls as you must be able to identify which is bettter suited for the situation.
30
Why is Empathy the prefered skill over Sympathy in the development of therapeutic relationships?
Sympathy is feeling sorry for someone. In therapy, this can sometimes create distance or even feel patronising *(as if you’re above them looking down on their suffering)*
It can be used breifly to:
* acknowledge pain
* express basic compassion
* reassure without invalidating
31
What is the purpose of showing sympathy in a counseling context?
To foster a supportive environment and connect with the client emotionally
## Footnote
Sympathy helps clients feel understood and valued.
32
What is 'parroting' in counseling?
Repeating back what the client has said to show understanding and encourage further discussion
## Footnote
This technique can help clients feel heard.
33
When using 'parroting' technique you must be cautious to avoid ___
Word for word repeating the client.
You would instead attempt to reword repeate what they were saying to show deep understanding.
34
What are cliches in the context of counseling?
Overused phrases that may lack genuine empathy or understanding
## Footnote
Cliches can make clients feel dismissed.
35
What does 'helpful silence' mean in therapy?
## Footnote
You struggled with this in the simulation so remember.
Allowing pauses in conversation for clients to reflect and think about their feelings
## Footnote
Silence can encourage deeper processing.
36
What are 'open questions'?
Questions that encourage clients to elaborate, using stems like 'What?', 'How?', 'Why?'
## Footnote
Examples: 'What happened next?' or 'How do you feel about that?'.
37
What are 'closed questions'?
Questions that typically result in a yes/no answer and are useful for obtaining specific information
## Footnote
Example: 'Are you working full-time?'.
38
What are 'probing questions'?
Questions that encourage clients to explore their messages more deeply
## Footnote
Probing can help non-assertive clients elaborate on feelings.
39
The use of Interpersonal Skill, especially, Active Listening has an abundance of evidence supporting t's efeciveess in both therapeutic and non-therapeutic relationships. What does a majority of this evidence show?
| Brain & Cognition
That this leads to improved brain function, better cognitive understanding, and more organised decision-making.
40
What is the purpose of summarising in counseling?
To combine key points discussed, helping clients feel understood and clarify issues
## Footnote
Summarising can be done at different points in a session.
41
What does 'reflecting' involve?
Mirroring the client's feelings or content to show understanding and encourage further discussion
## Footnote
It can include minimal reflection and moderate reflection (paraphrasing).
42
What are the 5 steps in 'reflecting feelings'?
1. Use a sentence stem
2. Label feelings
3. Add context
4. Match the tense
5. Check for accuracy
## Footnote
This process helps validate the client's emotions.
43
What is the role of referrals in counseling?
To direct clients to specialised help when necessary, done sensitively to avoid feelings of rejection
## Footnote
Referrals should be approached carefully.
44
What 6 basic steps should a counselor do when closing a session?
1. Summarize key issues
2. Avoid blame
3. Suggest next meeting
4. Clarify next steps
5. Offer encouragement
6. Address final questions
## Footnote
Effective closing helps maintain the therapeutic alliance.
45
What are the key components of the therapeutic alliance?
1. Collaborative relationship
2. Friendly Rapport
3. Measureable Progression
4. Shared goals
5. Agreed-upon tasks
6. Criticism when needed
7. Emotional bond based on trust, respect, and empathy
1. Collaborative relationship
4. Shared goals
5. Agreed-upon tasks
7. Emotional bond based on trust, respect, and empathy
46
What differentiates counseling from psychotherapy?
Counseling provides support for personal or emotional issues, while psychotherapy focuses on more long-term mental health issues.
47
What are the three stages of Egan’s Skilled Helper Model?
**Stage I**: Exploration of the problem
**Stage II**: Understanding preferred scenarios and problem-solving
**Stage III**: Action programs for implementation
48
What is 'reflection-in-action'?
Quick thinking while engaged in an activity
49
Why is Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) in psychology not a 'cookbook' approach, and what are the three primary considerations that must inform clinical decision-making?
EBP is not a 'cookbook' because it doesn't equate a diagnosis directly to a fixed treatment. Instead, it involves a dynamic integration of:
Best available research evidence,
Clinical expertise and judgment,
Client variables and preferences, including responsiveness and progress.
Ignoring any of these components undermines treatment effectiveness and ethical responsibility.
50
# What argument does the following study support in regards to the TA?
Kaiser et al., 2021; Miller et al., 2005
That the therapeutic alliance is a key predictor in outcomes.
51
# What argument does the following study support in regards to the TA?
Schwartz et al., 2021
Whilst the therapeutic alliance is a factor in outcomes, it is not a central role.
52
What study argues that 5-7.5% of variance in therapeutic outcome is attributable to the alliance
| H + M
Horvath et al., 2011; Martin et al., 2000
53
What are the four ethical principles underpinning Evidence-Based Practice, and how do they relate to psychological intervention?
**Respect for persons** – Honor client autonomy and dignity.
**Beneficence** – Maximize benefit, minimize harm.
**Justice** – Fairness in treatment access and distribution.
**Fidelity and responsibility **– Professional integrity and accountability.
54
# Which of the following is a Systematic Review (SR)?
A) Individual study randomly assigns participants to conditions; high internal validity; best for establishing causality.
B) Synthesizes all available studies on a topic using systematic methods; reduces bias; foundational for guidelines.
C) Statistical aggregation of SR data; offers effect size estimates; increases generalisability.
B.
55
# What kind of study design is this?
Individual study randomly assigns participants to conditions; high internal validity; best for establishing causality
Randomised Control Trial
56
What is the heirarchy between RCT, SR and MA
MA > SR > RCT
However, they all serve unique roles in clincal decision making.
57
What are common barriers to implementing Evidence Based Practice?
* Access and understanding of quality evidence
* Limited resources
* Resistance to change
* Sub-optimal training
* Organizational culture
* Difficulty accessing consistent guidelines
58
What is the focus of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)?
Identifying and changing negative thought patterns and behaviours.
59
Define 'Cognitive Triad' in the context of depression.
The three key areas where depression involves distorted thoughts: negative thoughts about self, world, and future.
60
What is the purpose of exposure therapy?
To reduce fear and anxiety by gradually exposing clients to feared situations or stimuli in a controlled environment.
61
Fill in the blank: The levels of evidence in research include Expert Opinion, Case Study, Case Series, ________, Cohort Study, Non-randomised Control Trial, Randomised Control Trial, Systematic Review, and Meta-analysis.
Case-control study
62
What does a Case Conceptualisation Model (CCM) provide?
Direction for assessment and treatment.
63
What are the main approaches to psychotherapy mentioned?
* Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
* Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR)
* Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)
* Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT)
* Humanistic Therapy
* Existential Therapy
* Systemic Therapy
* Psychodynamic Therapy
* Gestalt Therapy
* Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT)
* Feminist Therapy
64
Discuss the core assumptions and primary focus of three psychotherapeutic approaches: CBT, Humanistic Therapy, and Psychodynamic Therapy.
**CBT**: Focuses on identifying and restructuring maladaptive thoughts and behaviours; assumes thoughts influence emotions and behavior.
**Humanistic**: Emphasizes self-actualisation, empathy, authenticity; assumes people have inherent potential for growth.
**Psychodynamic**: Explores unconscious processes and past conflicts; assumes unresolved issues shape present behavior.
65
True or False: Evidence based practice is solely about clinical trials.
False
66
What is the main goal of Evidence Based Practice?
To ensure effectiveness, promote ethical practice, and improve client outcomes.
67
What is the definition of psychotherapy?
An engagement between two people focused on bringing about change within the client via the therapeutic alliance.
68
What is the focus of Behaviorism in psychotherapy?
Observable behavior rather than internal mental states.
69
What is the primary technique used in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy?
Cognitive restructuring using Socratic dialogue.
70
List three cognitive distortions.
* Black and White thinking
* Catastrophising
* Overgeneralising
71
# The following ar what in CBT? Please elaborate.
1. The self
2. The world
3. The Future
The Cognitive Triad
1. "I am worthless"
2. "The world is unfair"
3. "Things will never get better"
Core belief that contribute and maintain depressive thought patterns
72
'Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR)' aims to reduce stress through what?
Mindfulness meditation.
73
What is the role of Socratic Dialogue in psychotherapy?
To stimulate critical thinking and self-reflection through open-ended questioning.
74
What is the purpose of aversion therapy?
To pair an aversive stimulus with a stimulus that elicits an undesirable response.
75
What is the definition of 'automatic negative thoughts'?
Thoughts that are **irrational** or **biased** and essentially **maladaptive**.
76
What is the aim of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)?
To encourage psychological flexibility by accepting thoughts and emotions while committing to values-based actions.
77
Name three key aspects of the method designed to stimulate critical thinking.
* Promotes Self-Discovery
* Engages Critical Thinking
* Non-Confrontational
78
What are some useful aspects of questioning in CBT?
* Identify Cognitive Distortions
* Empowers Clients
* Effective skill building
79
What does the acronym EFiT stand for?
Emotion-focused Individual Therapy
80
What does the acronym SFBT stand for?
Solution-focused Bried Therapy
81
# Identify which is SFBT and which is EFiT.
Processing and expressing emotions to achieve resolution
Identifying solutions and building on strengths rather than dwelling on problems
1. EFiT
2. SFBT
82
Define emotions in the context of health and wellbeing.
Instinctive and intuitive physiological and psychological reactions
83
# The followig are the purposes of what?
* Survival
* Help us communicate
* Motivate adaptive actions
* Enhance social cohesion
Emotions
84
List the basic emotions identified by Ekman.
* Happiness
* Sadness
* Anger
* Fear
* Surprise
* Disgust
* Contempt
85
What is a strength of Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFiT)?
* Deep Emotional Processing
* Broad Applicability
* Client-Centred and Tailored
* Holistic Integration
* Potential for Lasting Change
86
# The following are limitations of what Therapy style?
* Requires Advanced Training
* Time-Intensive Process
* Client Resistance
* Developing Evidence Base
* Therapist-Dependent Outcomes
Emotion-Focused Individual Therapy
(EFiT)
87
What does the acronym OARS stand for in SFBT?
* Open-ended questions
* Affirmations
* Reflections
* Summaries
88
What does 'Change Talk' refer to?
Statements about the client that reveal consideration of motivations for or commitment to change
89
The acronym DARN stands for what? and related to what technique?
* Desire
* Ability
* Reason
* Need
The structure of Change Talk
90
What are the strengths of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT)?
* Complementary to Other Treatments
* Effective for Mood Disorders
* Beneficial for Substance Abuse Treatment
* Best for Early Intervention in Children
91
What is a limitation of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT)?
* Not Suitable for All Clients
* Requires Therapist Flexibility
* May Be Frustrating for Some Clients
92
Define stress according to Folkman & Lazarus (1984).
Body’s response to perceived challenge or threat
93
What are the three components of stress in the three-part definition?
* Stressor
* Stress response
* Coping
94
What are the types of stress?
* Acute
* Intermittent
* Chronic
95
Which 1967 study suggested that possibly stressful life events can be measured in Life Change Units
Holmes & Rahe (1967)
96
What is the Yerkes-Dodson Law?
Moderate stress enhances performance; too much/too little impairs it
97
What do the terms Eustress and Distress refer to?
Eustress (desireable) and Distress (non-desireable) refer to the desireability of a stressful situation.
98
What are the two types of appraisal in the Transactional Model of Stress?
* Primary appraisal
* Secondary appraisal
99
What does Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) include?
* Alarm
* Resistance
* Exhaustion
100
The following are common health implications of what condition
* Coronary heart disease
* Immune suppression
* Mental health disorders
* Burnout
Stress
101
What 2 experiences can untreated stress lead to?
Burnout and Compassion Fatigue
102
What are two coping styles mentioned?
* Emotion-focused coping
* Problem-focused coping
103
How does optimism relate to stress management?
Linked to adaptive coping and well-being
104
What is the significance of age in coping with stress?
Maturity enhances coping effectiveness
105
What does the Gender Minority Stress Model address?
## Footnote
What was the name of the study?
Unique stressors faced by trans and gender-diverse individuals
## Footnote
(Gorman et al., 2020)
106
What are some CBT-based interventions for stress management?
* Cognitive restructuring
* Relaxation training
* Time management
* Behavioural activation
107
How can humor function in stress management?
Buffers the effects of stress and promotes wellness
108
Why is understanding stress important in a career context?
Enhances care quality and personal well-being
109
Define mindfulness
Moment-to-moment, non-judgmental awareness of the present moment.
## Footnote
Modern definitions include Kabat-Zinn (2015), Brown & Ryan (2003), and Creswell (2017)
110
**Present-moment awareness/attention/focus** and ** Non-judgmental attitude** are core aspects of what practice?
Mindfulness
111
What is trait mindfulness?
A stable disposition to be mindful in daily life.
112
True or False:
* Increased wellbeing
* Resilience
* Reduced anxiety
* Reduced depression
* Reduced stress
* Improved emotion regulation
Are highly studied benefits of state-like mindfulness.
False.
Whilst they may cross over, the listed attributes more closely align with Trait-like Mindfulness
113
What does the Mindfulness-to-Meaning Theory propose?
Mindfulness increases positive reappraisal, enhancing future mindfulness.
114
True or False: Mindfulness can be both intentional and spontaneous.
True
115
What is self-care?
Regular engagement in activities to support health and wellbeing.
116
Why is self-care important?
Prevents burnout, enhances professional capability, and supports personal wellbeing.
117
# 7Which study focuses on Neurocognitive impacts of Mindfulness
**A**) Garland et al., 2015; 2017
**B**) Hölzel et al., 2011
**C**) Creswell, 2014
**D**) Rogge & Daks, 2020
**B**) Hölzel et al., 2011
118
What is the PERMA model?
A framework for well-being comprising Positive Emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment.
119
Many argue that WHO and the Western Medical Model take a 'deficit' based approach to health and wellness. What are the implications of this?
1. Absoluteness of ‘complete’ wellbeing
2. Medicalisation of life/society
3. Static Nature
4. Cultural and Contextual Variability
5. Overemphasis on well-being
120
What does 'flourishing' mean?
Living within an optimal range of functioning; psychological, emotional, and social well-being.
121
Define 'languishing.'
Feeling stagnant, unfulfilled, disengaged; not depressed, but not thriving.
122
What is the focus of positive psychology?
The scientific study of human strengths and optimal functioning.
123
What is learned helplessness?
A condition where a person believes they have no control over a situation due to repeated exposure to uncontrollable stressors.
124
List key components of the PERMA model.
**P**ositive Emotion
**E**ngagement
**R**elationships
**M**eaning
**A**ccomplishment
125
What is the significance of cultural adaptation in mindfulness programs?
Tailoring content/language to participant culture increases efficacy.
126
What are the types of meditation?
* Concentrative
* Mindfulness
* Guided
* Transcendental
127
What is a limitation of the PERMA model?
May not fully capture well-being in collectivist or non-Western cultures.
128
The brain's ability to reorganise and form new neural connections throughout life.
Is refered to as what?
Neuroplasticity
129
List practical self-care strategies.
* Schedule time for self-care
* Debrief with others
* Set boundaries
* Practice self-compassion
* Educate yourself on wellbeing
130
What is the goal of Positive Psychology Interventions (PPIs)?
To increase positive emotions, engagement, and meaning in life.
131
Seligman & Maier (1960s) coined what term relating to wellness
## Footnote
LH
Learned Helplessness
132
What is the focus of the systemic approach in mental health?
Family and community involvement enhances therapy
## Footnote
Taps into existing support networks and strengthens cultural relevance and engagement.
133
What are some limitations of individual approaches in mental health?
Limited Scope, Overemphasis on Personal Responsibility, Isolation of Treatment, Accessibility and Equity Issues, Short term focus, Stigma and Self-blame, Lack of Prevention
## Footnote
These limitations hinder the effectiveness of individual-focused mental health interventions.
134
What does Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory emphasize?
Interactions (proximal processes) between individuals and systems like family, school, community
## Footnote
The theory provides a framework for understanding development through multiple environmental layers.
135
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory later included the Chronosystem. What did this mean?
The chronosystem is time and context.
136
Define Multisystemic Therapy (MST).
Designed to treat serious antisocial behaviour in youth
## Footnote
Focuses on the entire ecology: family, peers, school, neighbourhood.
137
What are key components of Multisystemic Therapy?
* Family Engagement
* Peer Influence
* School & Community Involvement
* Individualised Treatment Plans
## Footnote
These components aim to provide comprehensive support tailored to each youth's unique needs.
138
What is the purpose of the Meikirch Model of Health?
Views health as a complex adaptive system emphasizing dynamic interplay between various components
## Footnote
Components include demands of life, biologically given potential, personally acquired potential, social determinants, and environmental determinants.
139
# Which theory/framework does the following study stupport and how?
(Henggeler & Schoenwald, 2011)
Multisystemic therapy (MST)
They implemented it throughout NSW and VIC. MST was adapted for a local context but retained its core principles.
Findings:
- Reduced Recidivism
- Improved Family Functioning
- Cost Effectiveness
140
What are the mental health implications of ecological models?
Emphasizes community and social support
## Footnote
This approach can lead to reduced isolation and improved overall wellbeing.
141
Which of the following is NOT one of the 9 core principles of Multisystemic Therapy (MST)?
A. Finding the Fit
B. Focusing on Strengths
C. Past-Focused Analysis
D. Increasing Responsibility
C. Past-Focused Analysis
MCT encourages present-focused, action-oriented strategies that aim to address current behaviours and challenges.
142
True or False: Systemic approaches in Western cultures primarily focus on individual autonomy.
True
## Footnote
This individualistic focus can limit the effectiveness of interventions that require family or community involvement.
143
Fill in the blank: Systemic approaches in non-Western cultures are more _______.
collectivist
144
What is a significant finding from the research example by Banks et al. (2020)?
Integrating individual and contextual factors to explain disparities in HIV/STI among heterosexual African American youth
## Footnote
This highlights the need for multisystemic approaches in addressing health disparities.
145
What is a benefit of the Meikirch Model in clinical practice?
Encourages holistic and sustainable healthcare solutions
## Footnote
It helps clinicians understand patients' health in a broader context including social, personal, and environmental influences.
146
What challenges are associated with the application of the Meikirch Model?
* Complexity in application
* Subjective measures leading to inconsistencies
* Resource intensive
* Integration with existing frameworks can be contradicting
* Focus on potentials may overlook complexities
## Footnote
These challenges can affect the model’s effectiveness in mental health settings.
147
How does Multisystemic Therapy address peer influence?
Addresses negative peer pressure and promotes positive social activities
## Footnote
This approach helps youths develop healthier social networks.
148
What is the significance of implementing systemic interventions for child-focused problems?
Meta-analyses and systemic reviews support their effectiveness
## Footnote
Individual approaches are beneficial, but systemic approaches often yield better outcomes.
149
What is a core principle of Multisystemic Therapy?
Finding the Fit
## Footnote
This principle emphasizes tailoring interventions to the individual context of the youth.
150
What are the key concepts of intergroup relations?
Identity, Group Membership, Intergroup Relations
## Footnote
These concepts encompass how individuals perceive and behave as group members.
151
Define Equity, Diversity & Inclusion (EDI).
EDI promotes fairness, safety, equity, and empowerment in professional and societal contexts.
## Footnote
It recognizes and respects individual differences and creates a sense of belonging and participation.
152
How do helping professionals apply EDI principles?
Helping professionals should shift their focus from understanding the other to understanding self within power dynamics.
## Footnote
This includes recognizing their own biases and cultural lens.
153
What is the difference between Equity and Equality?
Equity = Tailored support to meet individual needs.
Equality = Same resources for everyone.
154
What are the two models that affect values and perceptions of wellbeing?
* Individualism
* Collectivism
155
List the layers of identity that often overlap and interact.
* Individual
* Social
* Cultural
156
What are key benefits of EDI?
* Improve national productivity
* Economic prosperity and cultural heritage
* Social cohesion
* Empathy and human connection
* Resilience and adaptability
* Holistic understanding of psychological wellness
157
What is the CRRR Framework?
Cultural Responsivity, Cultural Relevance, Cultural Reinforcement.
## Footnote
Each component focuses on addressing historical/systemic inequities and affirming heritage.
158
True or False: Chronic inflammation is linked to mental illness.
True
159
Lazarus 1993 supports the model that Stress is a Transaction. This model contains three components; Primary Appraisal, Secondary Appraisal and Stress. Please explain Primary and Secondary Appraisal.
Primary appraisal is the perception of the threat. The process in which a person considers the quality and nature of stimulus. Lazarus argues there are 3 kinds of possible stressors:
- threaten harm/loss
- set a challenge
- considered benign
Secondary Appraisal is then the assessment of resources available to the person:
- Internal resources (strength/determination)
- External resources
(money and social support)
160
What are the three pillars of wellbeing?
"The Slab"
1. Nutrition
2. Movement and Recovery
3. Social Connection
161
What are symptoms of chronic inflammation?
* Fatigue
* Joint pain
* Digestive issues
* Mood disorders
* Weight change
* Infections
* Brain fog
162
Fill in the blank: The _______ is a protective response to injury, infection, or harmful stimuli. It is the immune system’s defence mechanism.
Inflammatory Response
163
Chronic stress activates what system in the body?
a) Parasympathetic system
b) Sympathetic system
c) Limbic system
d) Central Nervous System
B. Sympathetic System
164
What is the HPA axis?
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis.
A major neuroendocrine system that plays a major role in the stress response.
165
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding cytokines and free radicals in the immune response?
A. Cytokines are reactive molecules that directly damage pathogens by oxidising their cell walls.
B. Free radicals are proteins secreted by immune cells to signal other cells during inflammation.
C. Both cytokines and free radicals are primarily involved in the repair phase after inflammation subsides.
D. Cytokines regulate immune responses, while free radicals help destroy pathogens but can also damage host tissues.
E. Neither cytokines nor free radicals play a role in the inflammatory response.
D.
166
According to Bland (1995) and Horovitz (2024), which of the following best describes their argument regarding stress?
A. Stress is purely a physiological response with minimal influence from psychological or environmental factors.
B. The stress response is a dynamic interaction between individual vulnerability, environmental demands, and social context.
C. Chronic stress enhances immune functioning through repeated exposure to mild stressors.
D. Both authors reject the role of the HPA axis in the stress response.
E. Stress is determined solely by external events, regardless of individual interpretation or coping resources.
B.
Bland (1995) and Horovitz (2024) emphasised that stress is not just a biological reaction, but the result of a complex interplay between personal, social, and environmental factors, highlighting the importance of individual context, vulnerability, and meaning-making.
167
What is the MIND Diet?
A hybrid of Mediterranean and DASH diets that improves mood and cognitive function.
## Footnote
It is rich in leafy greens, berries, whole grains, and healthy fats.
168
Which of the following studies provides empirical support for the use of the MIND diet in reducing chronic stress and inflammation?
A. Bland (1995)
B. Horovitz (2024)
C. Lazarus & Folkman (1984)
D. Timlin et al. (2025)
E. Selye (1956)
D. Timlin et al. (2025)
169
Which of the following best reflects the bidirectional relationship between nutrition and psychological processes, according to Bland (1995) and Horovitz (2024)?
A. Psychological well-being has no measurable impact on nutritional habits.
B. Nutritional deficiencies only affect physical health, not mental health.
C. Psychological distress influences dietary choices, while poor nutrition can further impair mood, cognition, and stress regulation.
D. Nutritional interventions are only effective for treating physical symptoms of mental illness.
E. Nutrition and psychological processes operate independently of one another.
C. Bland (1995) and Horovitz (2024) highlight a bidirectional relationship
170
List some interventions to reduce chronic inflammation.
* Stabilise blood sugar
* Reduce processed food
* Improve gut health
* Increase omega-3s
* Ensure hydration
171
What disorders are highly associated with sleep disruption?
Depression
Bipolar disorder Schizophrenia
Anxiety disorders
172
Which pair of studies provides the strongest empirical support for the role of circadian rhythm regulation and sleep quality in mitigating mental illness and cognitive decline?
A. Timlin et al. (2025) & Lazarus & Folkman (1984)
B. Bland (1995) & Horovitz (2024)
C. Selye (1956) & McEwen (1998)
D. Woolcock Institute & Hall et al. (2025)
E. Kabat-Zinn (2003) & Csikszentmihalyi (1990)
D. Woolcock Institute & Hall et al. (2025)
173
According to Hall et al, 2025, circadian rhythms play a large role in Bipolar Disorders. How many hours ahead do normal circadian rhythms run ahead and behind depended on episode type?
Manic Episode: 7 hours ahead
Depressive Episode: 4-5 hours behind
174
What is the difference between social isolation and loneliness?
* Social Isolation = Objective lack of contact
* Loneliness = Subjective distress
175
What are the core values of community psychology?
* Ecological Perspective
* Empowerment
* Social Justice
* Prevention and Promotion
* Collaboration
* Respect for diversity
* Sense of Community
* Citizen Participation
176
What does justice require according to community psychology? RPCOPS
1. Redistribution of power
2. challenging oppression
3. creating participatory systems
177
What are the barriers to a community-based approach?
* Medical Model Dominance
* Funding and Policy Structure
* Institutional Inertia
* Individualism and Stigma
* Lack of Cultural Competence
* Fragmented Services
178
What is the goal of participatory, action-oriented methods of change in community psychology?
Social change, not just knowledge.
179
True or False: Participatory Action Research (PAR) emphasises working on communities instead of with them as realistically funding and resources would not support that.
False
180
Radermacher & Sonn (2007) conducted research primarily focused on which of the following topics?
A. Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR)
B. Participatory Action Research (PAR)
C. Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs)
D. Qualitative Meta-Analysis
E. Longitudinal Cohort Studies
B. Participatory Action Research (PAR)
Radermacher & Sonn (2007) focused on Participatory Action Research, which emphasises collaboration with participants to both study and enact social change within communities.
181
Under CBPR what type of care is emphasised for addressing trauma?
Trauma-informed, strengths-based care.
## Footnote
This approach focuses on understanding the impact of trauma and promoting resilience.
182
What are key actions to revise in psychology education?
Revise psychology education, advocate for community funding, build partnerships, practice reflexivity and accountability
## Footnote
These actions aim to enhance the effectiveness of psychological practices.
183
What does transformation address in the context of justice?
Inequality and systemic barriers
## Footnote
Transformation requires active efforts to change existing injustices.
184
Complete the quote: 'Injustice anywhere is a threat to _______.'
justice everywhere
## Footnote
This quote emphasizes the interconnectedness of justice.
185
What concept prioritizes empowerment and voice over equality?
Equity over Equality
## Footnote
Equity recognizes that different individuals may need different resources to achieve fairness.
186
What are the three types of power described?
Structural, Cultural, Personal
## Footnote
Each type of power influences access to resources and opportunities.
187
What is required for justice in terms of power?
Redistribution of power, challenging oppression, creating participatory systems
## Footnote
This involves actively dismantling systems of inequality.
188
McMillan & Chavis coined the term PSC outline what this means.
PSC refers to Psychological Sense of Community. Suggesting that Membership, Influence, Integration and Emotional Connection are key factors to belonging.
189
What visual tool helps understand access to power and privilege?
Duckworth 2020, Wheel of Power.
## Footnote
This tool categorizes individuals based on social identity aspects.
190
What does the inner circle represent in the Wheel of Power
Privilege
## Footnote
The inner circle indicates those with greater access to power.
191
The Wheel of Power has an inner and outer circle and various slices. Match the 3 sections to the concept they represent.
1. Privilege
2. Marginalisation
3. Different social identity category
Inner circle = privilege
Outer = marginalisation
Slice - different social identity category
192
What does rejecting neutrality in practice encourage?
Ethical and Collective action
## Footnote
Rejecting neutrality pushes for active engagement in social issues.
193
List the six key actions to center ethics. CDNFCS
* Centering ethics
* Doing solidarity
* Naming power
* Fostering sustainability
* Critically engaging language
* Structuring safety
## Footnote
These actions aim to create a more just and equitable practice.
194
What model emphasizes holistic health and rejects deficit-based models?
Social and Emotional Wellbeing (SEWB) model
## Footnote
This model focuses on culture, land, and spirituality.
195
What does the SEWB model recognise about historical impacts?
Impact of colonization, intergenerational trauma, and systemic racism
## Footnote
These factors are crucial in understanding health disparities.
196
Which of the following best describes Kimberlé Crenshaw’s (1989) concept of intersectionality?
A. The idea that race is the primary factor in all experiences of discrimination.
B. A theory that suggests gender-based oppression is the same across all cultural groups.
C. A framework that examines how multiple social identities intersect to shape unique experiences of oppression and discrimination.
D. A psychological model explaining how identity develops over time.
E. A legal principle stating that each form of discrimination must be treated separately in court.
C. A framework that examines how multiple social identities intersect to shape unique experiences of oppression and discrimination.
197
What term helps understand the interaction of multiple social identities?
Intersectionality
## Footnote
This framework avoids oversimplification and promotes inclusive care.
198
Fill in the blank: A Syrian refugee, single mother, low English, unemployed faces _______ barriers.
intersecting
## Footnote
This highlights the complexity of challenges faced by individuals with multiple identity factors.
199
What are key considerations for culturally responsive care?
* Understand Whole person
* Recognizing Systemic Trauma
* Avoiding Re-traumatisation
* Culturally Responsive Care
## Footnote
These considerations ensure care is tailored to individual experiences.
