PSYU3339 Complete Overview

Question 1

Fill in the blank: _____ is a chemical process where methyl groups are added to cytosine bases in DNA.

Answer 1

DNA methylation

Question 2

What are some reasons children are vulnerable to sexual abuse?

Answer 2

• Powerless
• Uniformed children trust all adults
• Incapable of assessing adult motives
• Taught to obey adults
• Curious about their own bodies
• Deprived of information about sexuality

Question 3

What recommendation was accepted in NSW regarding persistent child sexual abuse?

Answer 3

A maximum life sentence for ‘persistent’ child sexual abuse.

This reflects a serious stance on the issue of child protection.

Question 4

What parental behaviors are linked to less problematic social media use in children?

A) Mediation
B) Unlimited Access
C) Autonomous Monitoring
D) A and C
E) B and A
F) No Monitoring

Answer 4

D. Mediation and monitoring in an autonomy-supportive way.

Question 5

We know from Hastings et al. (2000) and Caprara et al. (2020) that prosocialness reduces occurance of aggression but what was the other primary finding.

Answer 5

Prosocialness also reduced the severity of aggression when it does occur.

Question 6

What is the catharsis hypothesis in Drive Theory?

Answer 6

The catharsis hypothesis suggests that expressing aggression can reduce aggressive feelings.

This concept, associated with Freud, proposes a release of pent-up aggression through expression.

Question 7

Please match the factor-analytical principles to the correct parenting style:

1. Low warmth, high control
2. High warmth, low control
3. Low warmth, low control
4. High warmth, high control

Answer 7

Autoritarian
Permissive
Neglectful
Authoritative

Question 8

What is intergenerational transmission of abuse?

Answer 8

The phenomenon where individuals who were maltreated as children may go on to abuse their own children

Question 9

Child sex abuse can present in various ways. The below statistics relate to reported penetrative and nonpenetrtaive CSA in male children.

Firstly which statistic belongs to which abuse type and are there any negative implications from this data?

a) 1.4-7.5%
b) 5.2-12.0%

Answer 9

• Penetrative Abuse: 1.4-7.5%
• Non-Penetrative Abuse: 5.2-12.0%

Whilst there are no inherently negative implications of having this data available. It’s important to note the varying seriousness that society places on sexual abuse and asssult. With a larger percentage of both CSA and adult Sexual assuly victims experiencing non penetrative abuse, the notion that it is less serious must be erraticated.

Question 10

What are the three basic stages of Kohlberg’s moral reasoning?

Answer 10

• Pre-conventional morality
• Conventional morality
• Post-conventional morality

Each stage represents different ways of understanding morality.

Question 11

What are common psychological consequences of child abuse?

Answer 11

Increased likelihood of psychological problems, including PTSD

Question 12

5 years later…

What did the study by Farr et al. (2017) reveal about children’s toy play?

What does this mean?

Answer 12

A child’s toy play in early childhood strongly predicted their gender nonconformity five years later.

Implies that what a child is taught is okay and normal will have a greater effect on their gender identity as the develop.

Question 13

CAN

What is the significance of the Mary Ellen Case?

Answer 13

Highlighted the lack of legal protection for children from abuse within the home

Question 14

What does the term ‘Qin’ refer to in the context of parenting?

Answer 14

Closeness to parents and a general sense of togetherness and harmony

Question 15

What does research suggest about family relationship quality?

What is the Study?

Answer 15

Quality of relationships has a stronger effect on child outcomes than family type.

Goldberg & Carlson, 2014.

Question 16

What percentage of victims delay disclosure of abuse until adulthood?

Answer 16

60-70% of victims delay disclosure until adulthood.

Question 17

What is the impact of authoritative parenting on children’s social skills?

Answer 17

Associated with socially skilled behavioral patterns.

Question 18

What is the impact of parental monitoring on adolescent vaping?

Answer 18

Serves as a preventive measure for adolescent vaping and tobacco-related behaviors

Question 19

Define Attachment Theory.

What is the study?

Answer 19

Attachment theory is concerned with the bond between children and caregivers, characterized by specific behaviors from children when separated from their caregivers.

Bowlby, 1969.

Question 20

What are the 6 participant roles in bullying?

Answer 20

• Bully
• Reinforcer of the bully
• Assistant of the bully
• Victim
• Defender of the victim
• Outsider

Understanding these roles is crucial for addressing and mitigating bullying behavior.

Question 21

True or False: There are significant differences in adjustment between children living with same-sex and opposite-sex families.

Answer 21

False

Question 22

What is the importance of consistency in disciplinary practices?

Answer 22

Consistency helps reinforce the link between behavior and consequences, promoting self-regulation.

Question 23

Two children Emma (5) and Mia (10) are asked which example is naughtier:

1. Paul was stealing a biscuit from the cookie jar when he broke a cup and saucer
2. Peter was sweeping out the kitchen when he knocked over a tray and broke 15 cups and saucers

Emma answers that Peter is naughtier as he broke more cups and saucers but Mia answers that Paul is naughtier because he was stealing and his intention is more importnat than the outcome.

What theory of Moral development does this align with

Answer 23

Piaget’s Theory

Question 24

What were the three conditions in Suomi and Harlow’s (1978) research on monkeys?

Answer 24

• Mother-only condition
• Peers only condition
• Total Isolation

Question 25

What are the effects of poor quality friends on adolescents?

Answer 25

Associated with deviancy training and higher levels of social bullying.

Question 26

# think of 3 aspects (c,e,s) What is the role of fathers in child development according to recent research? ## Footnote What is this study? Papa

Answer 26

Fathers play a crucial and unique role in the emotional, cognitive, and social development of their children. Attatchement Style is also heavily influenced by the father. ## Footnote Paquette et al., 2013 emphasizes the need for more focus on father involvement.

Question 27

What is a significant risk factor for child abuse?

Answer 27

* Alcohol and drugs * Emotionally insecure parents * Authoritarian parenting styles * Low parent:child ratio

Question 28

What does full disclosure correlate with in parent-adolescent relationships?

Answer 28

Better relationships with parents and less depression

Question 29

What does the term 'gender nonconformity' refer to?

Answer 29

How much a child deviates from traditional gender roles.

Question 30

# AIHW provided the following data what are the implications of this: Infants under 1 are more likely than any other age group to be maltreated (14 in 1000)

Answer 30

The implicationsof this findings reiterate that child abuse requires a power imbalance and the greater that is the more likley absue is to occur. Children are vunerable and dependant.

Question 31

What are some challenges faced by parents of transgender children? | CHIPPD

Answer 31

C – Changing views on gender identity H – Hard to identify transgender children I – Impact views are divergent P – Parenting challenges P – Problems in schools D – Data is limited (Limited research) ## Footnote Research on transgender parenting is evolving and highlights the complexities involved.

Question 32

Define 'control' in the context of parenting.

Answer 32

The extent to which parents set boundaries, rules, and expectations for their children

Question 33

What is a common outcome for children after child protection cases are closed?

Answer 33

More than a 1/3 of kids are back to where they started within a year

Question 34

What is co-rumination?

Answer 34

Extensively discussing and revisiting problems, speculating on problems, and focusing on negative feelings.

Question 35

True or False: All children exposed to bullying will experience significant distress.

Answer 35

False ## Footnote While many children may suffer from bullying, not all will experience severe psychological distress.

Question 36

What is **epigenetics**? A. The study of mutations that change the DNA sequence. B. The process of natural selection acting on genetic variation. C. The study of how environmental factors influence gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. D. The inheritance of physical traits through dominant and recessive alleles.

Answer 36

C. The study of how environmental factors influence gene expression without altering the DNA sequence.

Question 37

What percentage of parents with 3-4 year olds use corporal punishment?

Answer 37

94% ## Footnote This indicates a high incidence of corporal punishment among parents of toddlers.

Question 38

What is the purpose of home visitor programs?

Answer 38

To improve family well-being and reduce child mistreatment

Question 39

# What term denotes the following definition? *"The belief in one's ability to manage tasks and achieve goals."*

Answer 39

Self-Efficacy Beliefs

Question 40

What are the strongest risk factors for CSA victimization according to Assink et al. (2019)?

Answer 40

* Prior CSA victimization of the child and/or siblings * Prior victimization other than child abuse * Concurrent forms of child abuse in the home * Parental history of child abuse victimization

Question 41

What are the four attachment styles identified by Ainsworth?

Answer 41

* Secure Attachment (Type B) * Insecure Avoidant (Type A) * Insecure Ambivalent/Resistant (Type C) * Disorganized (fearful attachment) ## Footnote Each style reflects different caregiver behaviors and child responses.

Question 42

What is a teratogen?

Answer 42

Any agent that causes a birth defect.

Question 43

Fill in the blank: Peer acceptance is a measure of a person's _______ in the eyes of peers.

Answer 43

likability

Question 44

What is the definition of bullying?

Answer 44

* Intent * Repetition * Power * Sub-component of aggression ## Footnote Bullying is characterized by intentional harm, repeated over time, and involves an imbalance of power.

Question 45

May et al. (2013) focused on what area of uterine child development?

Answer 45

FASD

Question 46

True or False: Prenatal exposure to maternal anxiety/depression accounts for a significant variance in children's emotional outcomes.

Answer 46

True

Question 47

What are some health conditions associated with the FOAD Hypothesis?

Answer 47

* Coronary Heart Disease * Obesity * Hypertension * Diabetes * Metabolic Syndrome

Question 48

Piaget's Theory Kohlberg's Theory Social Domain Theory Are all theories of what

Answer 48

The Development of Moral Reasoning

Question 49

What does data suggest about Black parents compared to White parents regarding physical punishment?

Answer 49

Black parents are more likely to use physical PCA. ## Footnote Access to culturally appropriate parenting awareness and programs is crucial for understanding these differences.

Question 50

What does Baumrind state about a blanket injunction against spanking?

Answer 50

It cannot be supported scientifically. ## Footnote Baumrind's research highlights the lack of scientific basis for a blanket ban on spanking.

Question 51

What is psychological abuse?

Answer 51

Behavior of a parent or caregiver that damages the confidence and self-esteem of a child, resulting in serious emotional deprivation or trauma

Question 52

What are the two main types of aggression?

Answer 52

* Hostile * Instrumental ## Footnote Hostile aggression is driven by anger, while instrumental aggression is motivated by achieving a goal.

Question 53

What are the emotional responses parents might have to their child being diagnosed with FASD?

Answer 53

* Relief for having an answer * Guilt for their potential role in the condition

Question 54

Which of the following is not a recognised psychological theory of aggression? A. Trait Theory B. General Aggression Model (GAM) C. Social Cognitive Theory D. Attachment Theory E. Ethological Theory F. Drive Theory G. Information Processing Model (IP)

Answer 54

D. Attatchment Theory

Question 55

What is cyberbullying?

Answer 55

Bullying through digital platforms such as email, chat rooms, social media, and SMS. ## Footnote Although concerns about cyberbullying are growing, research indicates it has a lower prevalence compared to traditional bullying types.

Question 56

Bowlby (1969) developed what theory of development?

Answer 56

Attatchment Theory

Question 57

Popova et al. (2017) estimated that 1 in how many women consuming alcohol during pregnancy would deliver a child with FASD?

Answer 57

67

Question 58

What is the Abuse Dichotomy experienced by victims?

Answer 58

The victim feels either 'I am bad' or 'the abuser is bad', leading to feelings of self-blame.

Question 59

What parenting factors support prosociality?

Answer 59

Warm and affectionate parenting, balancing nurturance with firm standards.

Question 60

What is an **evocative gene-environment correlation**?

Answer 60

An evocative gene-environment correlation happens when an individual’s genetic traits elicit specific responses from their environment.

Question 61

What are the motivations for prosocial behaviour?

Answer 61

Can include: * Seeking approval * Fear of punishment * Reciprocity * Internal reward

Question 62

What study hypothesised that 'Violence breeds violence'? a) Curtis 1963 b) Carlton 1972 c) Milsen 2006 d) Rogers 2017

Answer 62

A. Curtis 1963

Question 63

Define corporal punishment.

Answer 63

The use of physical force with the intention of causing a child pain but not injury for correction or control. ## Footnote Prohibited in many countries due to its harmful effects.

Question 64

# Fill in the blank: Children with a naturally more ___ or inhibited temperament may develop stronger moral self- regulation due to increased ____ to guilt and emotional consequences. (Kochanska et al., 2002)

Answer 64

fearful and sensitivity

Question 65

Define 'warmth' in the context of parenting.

Answer 65

Emotional support, affection, and responsiveness a parent offers

Question 66

What is the **Fetal Programming Hypothesis**?

Answer 66

The Fetal Programming Hypothesis suggests that diseases originate through adaptations the fetus makes in response to intrauterine conditions.

Question 67

What was the outcome of the school-based intervention (CEPIDEA) by Caprara et al. (2014)? A.Increased prosociality and decreased aggresion B. Increased student compliance through punitive discipline C. Reduced emotional intelligence but improved test performance D. Greater teacher authority and reduced student autonomy E. Decreased classroom cooperation due to focus on individual performance

Answer 67

A. Increased prosociality and decreased aggression.

Question 68

What is source misattribution in the context of children's memory?

Answer 68

The confusion between imagined events and real memories, leading children to 'remember' fake events.

Question 69

What does evidence such as Bolan 2001 suggest about the role overprotective parents play in children developing 'victim schema'?

Answer 69

Overprotective parents may create highly dependent children who view themselves as incapable and victims. Likely increasing likelihood of CSA.

Question 70

What is the role of active bystanders in bullying situations?

Answer 70

* Help the Victim (defender) * Help the bully (aggressively) ## Footnote Active bystanders can significantly influence the dynamics of bullying by intervening positively or negatively.

Question 71

True or False: Boys show more empathy and social competence than girls.

Answer 71

False.

Question 72

What factors are associated with disclosure and non-disclosure in adolescents? | FAP

Answer 72

* Anticipated parental disapproval * Personal nondisclosure * Full disclosure associations with better relationships

Question 73

What new offences were introduced in NSW related to child abuse? | *Other People involved not just victim and perp*

Answer 73

Offences for failure to report or protect against child abuse. ## Footnote This measure aims to enhance accountability in child protection.

Question 74

What happens when children resolve conflicts themselves according to Cognitive-Developmental Theory? | *Perception*

Answer 74

They are forced into perceiving other emotions, feelings, desires, and thoughts.

Question 75

What percentage of US parents use spanking on children 17 years and younger?

Answer 75

74% ## Footnote This statistic reflects the prevalence of spanking among parents in the United States.

Question 76

What is a peer?

Answer 76

One that is of equal standing with another.

Question 77

What percentage of child abuse cases in Australia involve emotional abuse? a) 62% b) 17% c) 91% d) 57%

Answer 77

57%

Question 78

List the three components of the **Biopsychosocial Model**.

Answer 78

* Biological factors * Psychological factors * Social factors

Question 79

What was a significant finding regarding authoritative parenting among Asian American adolescents?

Answer 79

No significant relationship was found between parenting style and school performance

Question 80

What is the diffusion of responsibility?

Answer 80

A phenomenon where individuals feel less compelled to act when others are present.

Question 81

What feelings might a child experience upon receiving an FASD diagnosis?

Answer 81

* Anxiety * Negative emotions regarding social isolation * Embarrassment

Question 82

Which of the following is not one of the main diagnostic categories under Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)? A. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) B. Alcohol-Related Birth Defects (ARBD) C. Alcohol-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction (AICD) D. Partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (pFAS) E. Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder (ARND)

Answer 82

C. Alcohol-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction (AICD)

Question 83

What is the definition of Family

Answer 83

Family 2 or more person related through birth, marriage adoption or choice. They have emotional ties and responsibility to each other.

Question 84

What is 'Sextortion'?

Answer 84

A form of online blackmail where someone tricks you into sending your sexual images and then threatens to send them unless their demands are met.

Question 85

What is the impact of cross-examination on children's reports according to Zajac and Hayne (2003)?

Answer 85

Cross-examination led to an overall reduction in the accuracy of children's reports; 85% changed their responses.

Question 86

What are some long-term benefits of prosocial behaviour?

Answer 86

* Greater peer acceptance * High academic achievement

Question 87

What is the recommended approach for clinicians working with at-risk pregnancies?

Answer 87

* Maintain a non-judgmental stance * Recognize a range of emotions experienced by families

Question 88

What constitutes sexual abuse of a child?

Answer 88

Involves a child in a sexual activity by using power over them or taking advantage of their trust

Question 89

# Social Cognitive Theory – Self-Regulatory Control (Bandura, 1986) What are the key components of self-regulatory control in Social Cognitive Theory, and how do parents influence children’s development?

Answer 89

INFLUENCES (B) **Modeling** – Child imitates observed parent behaviour **Enactive** **Experience** – Parent’s evaluation of child behaviour (reward/punishment) **Direct** **Tuition** – Verbal instruction or rules given by parent REGULATORS (P) **Social sanctions** (external consequences) **Self-sanctions **(internalised standards) **Self-efficacy beliefs** (confidence in ability to act)

Question 90

According to Baumrind’s typology, which parenting style combines high warmth with high control? A. Authoritarian B. Permissive C. Authoritative D. Neglectful

Answer 90

C. Authoritative Authoritative parents provide emotional support while maintaining rules and expectations, promoting healthy development.

Question 91

What are the psychological outcomes of peer victimisation?

Answer 91

* Depression * Anxiety * Low Self-esteem * Acting out * School refusal * Loneliness * Suicidal Ideation ## Footnote Not all children experience these outcomes equally, as individual responses to victimization vary.

Question 92

What structured interventions can enhance prosocial behaviour?

Answer 92

Integrating mindfulness, emotional regulation, and value alignment.

Question 93

According to Hildyard and Wolfe, (2007): Neglectful mothers were less able to reocgnise what?

Answer 93

Neglectful motehrs were less able to recognise emotions in their children and more likley to experience and msiindetify shame and sadness.

Question 94

What are the components of morality? Cognitive Affective Behavioural

Answer 94

1. Moral Reasoning 2. Moral Self-evaluation 3. Resistance to deviation ## Footnote These components represent the different aspects of moral understanding and behavior.

Question 95

What is the significance of understanding the disclosure process in parenting?

Answer 95

Influences the development of self, identity, and moral agency

Question 96

List the mechanisms of **epigenetic regulation**.

Answer 96

* DNA methylation * Histone modifications * Non-coding RNAs

Question 97

What does 'Brain Overclaim Syndrome' refer to?

Answer 97

A cognitive bias where people accept explanations that include neuroscientific language even if irrelevant ## Footnote This bias can affect perceptions of psychological phenomena.

Question 98

What does Group Socialisation Theory argue about peer influence on development? A. Parental influence is the primary determinant of personality development. B. Peer groups have little long-term impact on a child's social behaviour. C. Peer influence is the dominant factor shaping personality, language, and behaviour outside the home. D. Social norms are biologically inherited rather than learned through interaction.

Answer 98

C. Peers have more influence than parents on social development from ages 2-12.

Question 99

The following factors influence what? * Uniform effects * Contribution of family support * Severity of abuse * Context of abuse * Interpretation of abuse * Coping with the abuse

Answer 99

The impact/effect of CSA on an individual

Question 100

How does **environmental influence** affect epigenetic modifications?

Answer 100

External factors such as diet, stress, and toxins can trigger epigenetic changes, affecting gene expression and health outcomes.

Question 101

True or False: Spanking ensures children will behave correctly when adults are present.

Answer 101

False ## Footnote Children may only behave when supervised but not internalize the reasons for their actions.

Question 102

What did Darley & Latane (1968) discover about the bystander effect?

Answer 102

The presence of passive others reduces the likelihood of helping.

Question 103

True or False: Children can differentiate moral transgressions from social conventional ones by 4 years of age.

Answer 103

True ## Footnote This ability is crucial for understanding the nature of wrongdoing.

Question 104

What is the prevalence of Sexual Abuse according to Matthews et al (2023)? 32.0% 28.5% 30.9% 8.9% 39.6%

Answer 104

28.5%

Question 105

What is the relationship between appearance comparisons and mental health?

Answer 105

Appearance comparisons predict all aspects of mental health, with stronger associations for women than men.

Question 106

What is a Child Concern Report?

Answer 106

Indication that a child is at risk. If completed will lead to an investigation

Question 107

What were the findings of the Amsterdam Sexual Abuse Case (ASAC)?

Answer 107

A day-care centre employee abused 87 children. A clear symptom pattern was lacking, and around 1/2 of the confirmed severe victims displayed no psychosocial problems.

Question 108

What does MACR stand for?

Answer 108

Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility ## Footnote MACR is the age below which a child is presumed not to be capable of committing a crime.

Question 109

What is moral disengagement in the context of bullying?

Answer 109

* Moral Justification * Euphemistic Language * Advantageous Comparison * Displacement of responsibility * Diffusion of responsibility * Distorting the consequence of action * Dehumanisation * Attribution of blame ## Footnote Moral disengagement allows individuals to engage in harmful behaviors without feeling guilt or remorse.

Question 110

What is an example of a **neuropsychobiological factor** in child and adolescent ill-health? | Think prenatal

Answer 110

Prenatal stress and poor maternal nutrition.

Question 111

What impact does mindfulness in preschoolers have on behaviour? A) Helps keep them calm B) Reduces anxiety surrounding social situations C) Increases sharing and social competence D) Increases likeability and sharing

Answer 111

C. Increases sharing and social competence.

Question 112

What did Flook et al. (2015) find regarding SEL and mindfulness?

Answer 112

Increased empathy and decreased depression.

Question 113

What are common outcomes for children with FASD?

Answer 113

* Lower IQ scores * Higher incidences of internalising and externalising symptoms * Executive functioning problems

Question 114

What role does inductive reasoning play in prosocial development?

Answer 114

Early inductive reasoning is key to promoting prosocial behaviour.

Question 115

# Ps not Ps What is the Nurture Assumption proposed by Harris? ## Footnote What years

Answer 115

Parental behaviors have little effect on psychological characteristics that children will have as adults; peer groups and genetics are the primary environmental influence. ## Footnote Harris, 1995, 1998.

Question 116

What did the VGUG study find about younger children's (3-4) recall accuracy?

Answer 116

Younger children (3-4 years) recalled less correct information than older children, but still provided more correct than incorrect information.

Question 117

How does parental harshness relate to children's aggression across ethnic groups?

Answer 117

Positively related, but varies in strength ## Footnote The relationship is influenced by ethnic group differences.

Question 118

What are the components of aggression as defined in the text?

Answer 118

* Behaviour * Attitudinal (hostility) * Emotional arousal (anger) * Assertiveness ## Footnote These components help differentiate between various forms of aggression.

Question 119

What findings were reported regarding pressured information management by mothers?

Answer 119

Associated with depression and anxiety for girls; stress for boys

Question 120

What is the primary role of the Department of Communities and Justice (DCJ) in child protection? A. To provide therapy services to children in foster care B. To allocate funding to schools and early learning centres C. To investigate concerns about a child's welfare and assess risk of significant harm D. To represent children in court proceedings

Answer 120

C. To investigate concerns about a child's welfare and assess risk of significant harm

Question 121

True or False: Parental warmth is insignificant when considering openness and self-efficacy in disclosure.

Answer 121

True ## Footnote Parental warmth was associated with greater disclosure but insignificant when openness and self-efficacy were considered.

Question 122

What are the negative side effects of physical punishment?

Answer 122

* Increased aggression * Anxiety * Poor parent-child relationships * Behavioral problems in the future ## Footnote Physical punishment is widely discouraged in modern parenting.

Question 123

# Match the stage to its example: from Kohlberg's Theory 1. Pre-conventional morality 2. Conventional morality 3. Post-conventional morality a) Fear of punishment or desire for gain b) Internalisation of personal moral principles c) Right and wrong are defined by morality and maintaining social order | Moral Development

Answer 123

1 and A 2 and C 3 and B

Question 124

What does the 2020 APA Resolution on Physical Discipline of Children state?

Answer 124

Physical discipline doesn't improve behaviour and leads to problems ## Footnote This conclusion is supported by strong research evidence.

Question 125

List the three measured factors in the Criminal Decision-Making Questionnaire (CDMQ). | PRooF

Answer 125

* Future consequences * Risk perception * Peer influence ## Footnote These factors help assess how adolescents make decisions regarding criminal behavior.

Question 126

What are cliques in early adolescence?

Answer 126

Small groups of 4-8 same-sex children with similar preferences and values.

Question 127

What contributes to a child's likelihood of being a victim?

Answer 127

* Physical Weakness * Behavioural Reaction (Passive/Proactive) * Low self-regard * Anxiety ## Footnote Vulnerable children, often anxious or self-doubting, are more frequently targeted by bullies.

Question 128

What are the 3 key distinctions in Attribution Theory?

Answer 128

* Internal vs External Attributions * Stable vs Unstable Attributions * Controllable vs Uncontrollable Attributions ## Footnote These distinctions affect how children interpret their successes and failures.

Question 129

What is the relationship between maternal warmth, sympathy, and prosocial behaviour?

Answer 129

Maternal warmth and sympathy predict higher levels of prosocial behaviour.

Question 130

At what stage of prenatal development do major organs and body systems begin to form? A. Germinal Period B. Zygote Stage C. Embryonic Period D. Fetal Period

Answer 130

C. Embryonic Period

Question 131

What are some goals of disciplining children?

Answer 131

To teach appropriate behavior and instill values. ## Footnote Consideration of whether these goals can be achieved through non-physical means is important.

Question 132

What are the two types of rules in Social Domain Theory?

Answer 132

* Moral rules * Social-conventional rules ## Footnote Moral rules pertain to basic rights, while social-conventional rules relate to societal norms.

Question 133

What is the dark side of friendship?

Answer 133

Adolescents' proneness to moral disengagement is associated with increased social bullying.

Question 134

What is a common trend regarding teens and social media usage since 2014? a) teens have used social media at a consistent rate but the form of media has transitioned from long to short form b) teens who report 'never' being online has reduced but only by 13% c) teens who reported being 'constantly' online has doubled d) teens hwho report using social media for creative purposes rather than connection purposes has almsot doubled

Answer 134

c. Since 2014, the amount of teens who say they are 'almost constantly' online has doubled.

Question 135

What is the main finding of the study by Wagland & Bussey regarding children's understanding of criminal conduct?

Answer 135

All age groups rated criminal conduct as more serious than childish mischief ## Footnote This indicates a developmental awareness of moral seriousness. However, there were developmental differences.

Question 136

What does Social Cognitive Theory emphasise?

Answer 136

Self-regulatory control in the exercise of human agency.

Question 137

What is the reported range of parents using physical punishment on children in Australia?

Answer 137

Between 28% and 72.1% ## Footnote The wide range reflects differing survey results and methodologies.

Question 138

What opportunities does the peer group provide children?

Answer 138

* Learn to make new friends * Practice rules of reciprocity * Learn to express certain behaviours in socially acceptable ways

Question 139

What are ROSH reports?

Answer 139

Risk of Significant Harm Reports

Question 140

True or False: Prosocialness may protect against aggressive development.

Answer 140

True.

Question 141

What is problematic interactive media use (PIMU)?

Answer 141

Development of PIMU frequently associated with receiving a new device, early exposure to interactive media, or significant life changes.

Question 142

What is helicopter parenting characterised by?

Answer 142

Parents who hover over their teens, overly focused on their successes and failures

Question 143

Fill in the blank: A parent’s _______ and their ability to engage in a personal, understanding relationship with their child is crucial.

Answer 143

warmth

Question 144

What are the 4 main parenting styles and 2 factor-analytical principles associated with Baumrind's Typology?

Answer 144

Authoritarian, Authoritative, Permissive/Indulgent and Neglectful Warmth/Love and Control

Question 145

What is the Olweus Program designed for?

Answer 145

It is a comprehensive intervention program that operates at community, school, classroom, and individual levels. ## Footnote This program aims to reduce bullying through structured approaches and support systems.

Question 146

What are the differences in the 2 main components of the KiVa program? Universal and Indicated

Answer 146

* Universal - Lessons given by classroom teacher * Indicated - Dollow a bully incident ## Footnote The KiVa program includes universal lessons for all students and indicated actions for addressing specific bullying incidents.

Question 147

True or False: Emotional abuse is the most common form of child maltreatment in Australia.

Answer 147

True

Question 148

Define chronic neglect.

Answer 148

Persistently over time, includes failure to provide basic needs and supervision appropriate to the child's age

Question 149

# The findings Bussey et al. (2019) suggest what about moral disengagemnet positive relationship between moral disengagement and bullying (r =.30) positive relationship between moral disengagement and victimization (r = .09) negative relationship between moral disengagement and defending (r = -.15)

Answer 149

MD is positively related to bullies and aggressive defending styles in bystanders

Question 150

What are the three main focuses of early intervention?

Answer 150

* Enhancing educational readiness * Improving child health * Supporting parents

Question 151

Prenatal exposure to maternal anxiety and depression may account for 10–15% of the variance in children's: A. Birth weight and physical development B. Genetic predispositions C. Emotional and behavioural difficulties D. Cognitive abilities only

Answer 151

C. Emotional and behavioural difficulties

Question 152

What does Social Cognitive Theory emphasise in peer interactions?

Answer 152

Models, similarity, social sanctions, self-regulation, and self-efficacy.

Question 153

What effect does physical discipline have on European American children?

Answer 153

Increased externalizing problems ## Footnote The experience of physical discipline has a negative impact on behaviour.

Question 154

True or False: Authoritarian parenting practices have the same outcomes across all cultures.

Answer 154

False ## Footnote Authoritarian practices do not lead to the same outcomes in African-American or Chinese-American families.

Question 155

Define **neuropsychobiology**.

Answer 155

Neuropsychobiology is the nexus between neurological, psychological, and biological influences on development.

Question 156

True or False: A significant barrier to truthful testimony from children is Cross-examination. Which often leads to suggestive questioning, which can reduce the accuracy of children's reports.

Answer 156

True

Question 157

What is the risk of PTSD for child victims of physical and sexual abuse?

Answer 157

1/4-1/2 of child victims develop PTSD.

Question 158

What are the three emotional concepts linked to prosocial behaviour? | PES

Answer 158

* Empathy * Sympathy * Personal distress

Question 159

What is the impact of peer pressure on adolescents' decision-making?

Answer 159

It significantly lowers resistance to risky behavior ## Footnote Adolescents are particularly susceptible to peer influence.

Question 160

Give an example of **passive gene-environment correlation**. | Music

Answer 160

A child of musically talented parents inherits genes for musical ability and is raised in a home filled with music.

Question 161

What is a **passive gene-environment correlation**? A. When biological parents provide both genes and an environment that aligns with those genes. B. When a child’s genetically influenced traits elicit specific responses from the environment. C. When an individual actively seeks environments that match their genetic predispositions. D. When environmental influences override genetic contributions to behaviour.

Answer 161

A. When biological parents provide both genes and an environment that aligns with those genes.

Question 162

What are some negative outcomes of physical discipline according to the APA resolution? | BAE

Answer 162

* Emotional problems * Behavioral problems * Academic problems ## Footnote These outcomes persist even when considering race, gender, and socioeconomic status.

Question 163

What are the 6 different family types ? | BENGCS

Answer 163

* Nuclear family * Gender diverse (2 parent) * Extended * Single-parent * Co-parent * Blended ## Footnote These family types highlight the diversity in family structures and their importance in child development.

Question 164

# gender preference and behaviour What are the findings of the study on transgender children's development by Fast & Olson (2018)?

Answer 164

Transgender children who had socially transitioned showed no significant differences in gender preference, behaviour, or beliefs compared to controls. ## Footnote This suggests a normalisation of gender identity among socially transitioned transgender children.

Question 165

What does the acronym FOAD stand for?

Answer 165

Fetal Origins of Adult Disease Hypothesis

Question 166

What is the Maternal Sensitivity Hypothesis?

Answer 166

The sensitivity a caregiver demonstrates towards a child determines the style of attachment that is developed. ## Footnote This hypothesis emphasizes the importance of responsive caregiving.

Question 167

Which of the following correctly lists the 5 stages of prenatal development in order? A. Zygote → Germinal → Conception → Embryonic → Fetal B. Conception → Germinal → Embryonic → Fetal → Birth C. Conception → Zygote → Germinal Period → Embryonic Period → Fetal Period D. Conception → Zygote → Embryo → Foetus → Infant

Answer 167

C. Conception → Zygote → Germinal Period → Embryonic Period → Fetal Period

Question 168

What is the significance of the Heinz Dilemma in Kohlberg's theory?

Answer 168

Used to study moral reasoning ## Footnote It presents a moral conflict that helps assess moral development.

Question 169

What does the Right to Know (RTK) concept indicate about adolescents' beliefs?

Answer 169

Adolescents believe parents have the least RTK about romantic activities

Question 170

What educational approach can foster both academic and emotional development?

Answer 170

Curricula for caring.

Question 171

What are some psychological implications of lack of disclosure in adolescents?

Answer 171

* Increased likelihood of mental health problems * Higher risk of eating disorders * Body image problems

Question 172

What are the effects of domestic violence categorised as in relation to child abuse? Why does this matter?

Answer 172

Emotional abuse Can reduce the perceived seriousness of what is happening.

Question 173

What are the motivational factors in Social Cognitive Theory?

Answer 173

* Social sanctions * Self sanctions * Self-efficacy beliefs ## Footnote These factors influence a child's self-regulatory processes.

Question 174

At what age do children begin to exhibit prosocial behaviour when rewarded? a) 4 b) 6 c) 12 d) 7

Answer 174

7 years.

Question 175

What are the stages of the Summits Model of the disclosure process?

Answer 175

* Secrecy * Helplessness * Entrapment and Accommodation * Delayed, conflicted and Unconvincing disclosure * Retraction

Question 176

What is victim-centred reasoning?

Answer 176

Encourages children to imagine themselves in another's place, fostering empathy and prosocialness. | Also known as Inductive reasoning

Question 177

True or False: A passive bystander is a bystander who becomes involved, however, the way in which they do this often benefits the bully not the victim.

Answer 177

False. A passive bystander does nothing. The above description is of an Active Aggressive Bystander

Question 178

What is physical abuse?

Answer 178

A **non-accidental **injury or pattern of injuries to a child caused by a parent, caregiver, or any other person

Question 179

List the categories of peer acceptance. | CRAPiN

Answer 179

* Popular children * Rejected children * Neglected children * Controversial children * Average-status children

Question 180

What is the difference between moral behaviour and prosocial behaviour?

Answer 180

Moral behaviour is about inhibiting negative actions, while prosocial behaviour involves proactive helping behaviours.

Question 181

What is the significance of parental influences on children's peer social ability?

Answer 181

Secure attachments can foster or inhibit peer social ability.

Question 182

What is the role of parental monitoring in peer relationships?

Answer 182

Indirect monitoring is associated with greater likeability by peers.

Question 183

What methodological issues are associated with research on physical punishment? ## Footnote VSCO-R

Answer 183

* Varied definitions * Retrospective reports * Spanking preceding negative behavior * Co-effects of parenting behavior ## Footnote These issues complicate the interpretation of research findings.

Question 184

Hoffman (2008) coined what term regarding consideration of victim thought and feelings.

Answer 184

Inductive Reasoning

Question 185

What effect does strict control have on prosocial behaviour?

Answer 185

Negatively associated with prosocial behaviour.

Question 186

What is the definition of aggression?

Answer 186

Aggression involves intent and subjective social labeling. ## Footnote Aggression is a complex behavior characterized by the intention to cause harm or injury to another individual.

Question 187

Child sexual abuse is recognised under Australian law as a _______ offence, carrying serious legal and protective implications. A. disciplinary B. civil C. criminal D. familial

Answer 187

C. criminal

Question 188

What is prosocial behaviour?

Answer 188

Intended to benefit others, includes helping, sharing, comforting. ## Footnote Prosocial behaviour can be considered moral behaviour, but it involves a unique type of self-denial in the interest of a needy other.

Question 189

# 4 things we acquire...BBMV What is socialisation?

Answer 189

The process by which children acquire the beliefs, motives, values, and behaviors deemed significant and appropriate by older members of their society.

Question 190

What theory suggests the following about children's conflict resolution? Children develop unilateral respect for adult authority, turning to adults to settle disputes.

Answer 190

Cognitive-Developmental Theory

Question 191

What is Cognitive-Developmental Theory?

Answer 191

A theory that describes age-based moral reasoning progression.

Question 192

What does Elizabeth Gershoff, PhD, suggest about the effectiveness of hitting children?

Answer 192

Hitting does not teach right from wrong ## Footnote Gershoff's research indicates that spanking does not lead to internalization of moral behavior.

Question 193

What research has established about children's memory in forensic settings?

Answer 193

Research shows that children's recall of personal events is reliable, although younger children are more suggestible.

Question 194

What are **gene-environment interactions**?

Answer 194

Gene-environment interactions refer to the dynamic interplay between genetic predispositions and environmental influences that affect psychological outcomes.

Question 195

What role does parental monitoring play in adolescent cyber aggression?

Answer 195

Parental monitoring affects adolescent behaviour in cyber aggression scenarios

Question 196

What is the Sociocognitive Interview Protocol?

Answer 196

An interview framework that encourages unconstrained narratives to elicit more accurate information from children.

Question 197

What does Ethological Theory suggest about attachment bonds? | Social Responsiveness

Answer 197

Attachment bonds have evolved as they help infants develop social responsiveness.

Question 198

What is the age range for doli incapax in Australia?

Answer 198

10-14 years ## Footnote This legal principle indicates that children in this age range cannot be held criminally responsible due to a lack of mens rea.

Question 199

What is the significance of secure attachment in parent-child relationships?

Answer 199

Promotes positive peer relations.

Question 200

# What Framework is this: A theory that emphasizes four concepts: Interaction, Potential Offender, Suitable Target, and Capable Guardianship.

Answer 200

Routine Activities Framework

Question 201

What are the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure?

Answer 201

* Increased risk of FASD * Low average mental development * Sluggish newborns

Question 202

What was the effect of physical discipline on European American children compared to African American children?

Answer 202

Increased externalizing problems in European American children, no effect on African American children. ## Footnote These findings highlight the importance of considering racial and cultural contexts in studies of discipline.

Question 203

List the types of self-efficacy identified across cultures.

Answer 203

* Pragmatic efficacy * Relational efficacy * Value-laden efficacy

Question 204

What does CAN stand for?

Answer 204

Child Abuse and Neglect

Question 205

# Fill in the blank 14.8% of parents endorsed smacking their child ___

Answer 205

with an object ## Footnote This includes items such as spoons or belts.

Question 206

What is the definition of neglect in the context of child abuse?

Answer 206

Continued failure by a parent or caregiver to provide a child with the basic things needed for proper growth and development

Question 207

Our current legal system often does not support children returning to dysfunctional family environemnt. What is the primary limitation related to MACR that causes this?

Answer 207

A Guilty Plea is necessary to refer a young person to a divisonary program and this is incredibly hard to prove under doli incapax.

Question 208

# Fill in the blank ___ ____ is concerned with how individuals interpret events and how this relates to their thinking and behavior. Identified ability, effort, task difficulty, and luck as the most important factors affecting attributions for achievement.

Answer 208

Attribution Theory

Question 209

During adolescence, how do children act in terms of prosocial behaviour?

Answer 209

Act by moral fairness principles.

Question 210

What is a **Cumulative Stress Model**?

Answer 210

A disease-focused approach examining the accumulation of stressors and their impact on health.

Question 211

What are the barriers to diagnosing FASD?

Answer 211

* Lack of awareness * Limited training for professionals * Few health professionals ask about alcohol use * Concerns about stigma

Question 212

What are the two main types of moral emotions?

Answer 212

* Guilt * Shame ## Footnote These emotions play a significant role in self-evaluation and moral identity.

Question 213

# Fill in the blank: The ___ Model explains a disorder as the result of an interaction between a pre-dispositional vulnerability and stress caused by life experiences.

Answer 213

The Diathesis-Stress Model

Question 214

What is peer acceptance?

Answer 214

A measure of a person's likability (or dislikability) in the eyes of peers.

Question 215

What is the **Biopsychosocial Model of Health**?

Answer 215

The Biopsychosocial Model posits that biological, psychological, and social factors, and their interactions, are critical to understanding a person's medical condition.

Question 216

Does cultural acceptance of physical discipline imply its ethical acceptability?

Answer 216

No ## Footnote Cultural condonement does not equate to moral or ethical justification.

Question 217

What was the aim of the study involving voiding cystourethrogram fluoroscopy (VGUG)?

Answer 217

To investigate children's memory for a stressful medical procedure.

Question 218

What proportion of lawyers used complex language during cross-examination according to Powell et al (2022)? a) 33% b) 22% c) 44% d) 11%

Answer 218

C. 44%. ## Footnote This complexity can hinder children's understanding and responses.

Question 219

Who has a mandated duty to report suspected child abuse?

Answer 219

Medical Professionals, School staff, and other relevant authorities

Question 220

True or False: Self-disclosure leads to closer relationships.

Answer 220

True.

Question 221

What are the four types of abuse recognized?

Answer 221

* Emotional * Physical * Sexual * Neglect

Question 222

What was the outcome of the 2016 High Court decision regarding children's criminal responsibility?

Answer 222

Reinforced the requirement of proof beyond reasonable doubt that the child knew their actions were morally wrong ## Footnote This ruling affected the conviction rates of children.

Question 223

What is the relationship between child self-disclosure and parental knowledge?

Answer 223

Self-disclosure is positively related to parental knowledge

Question 224

What is the interaction of **genes** and **environments** in child development?

Answer 224

Genes and environments interact to influence child development, with gene-environment interactions being more significant than either alone. ## Footnote Moffitt et al. (2006) and Rutter (2007) emphasize this interplay.

Question 225

What are the effects of high-quality friends on children?

Answer 225

* Higher levels of self-esteem * Less loneliness * More satisfaction at school

Question 226

What does substantiation of notification mean?

Answer 226

Conclusion that there is reasonable cause to believe that a child has been, is being, or is likely to be abused, neglected, or harmed

Question 227

Fill in the blank: The ability to appreciate the wrongfulness of criminal conduct forms the basis of the _______ legislation in many countries.

Answer 227

MACR ## Footnote This ability is critical for determining criminal responsibility.

Question 228

In what court are CSA cases typically heard?

Answer 228

CSA cases are heard in criminal court, while cases with insufficient evidence are heard in Children's court.

Question 229

* Role playing * Modelling behaviours * Verbal encouragement * Managing emotional stress are all methods to build what?

Answer 229

Collective Family Efficacy

Question 230

What role does the **HPA axis** play in fetal development? | *Whoes hormones?*

Answer 230

The HPA axis mediates the effects of maternal stress hormones on the developing fetus, influencing neural system development.

Question 231

What is Battered Child Syndrome?

Answer 231

A term used to describe children who are battered by their parents, identified by pediatricians in the late 1970s

Question 232

# Below is what process? Self-observation → Judgment Processes → Self Reaction

Answer 232

Self Regulatory Processes

Question 233

# Fill in the blank: Internal vs _______ attributions refer to whether success or failure is attributed to oneself or external factors.

Answer 233

External

Question 234

What is the relationship between peer-sponsored misconduct and grade level?

Answer 234

Peaks around 9th grade and decreases by the end of high school.

Question 235

# What model of Disclosure is the following example: * Denial * Disclosure (Tentative or Active) * Recant * Reaffirm

Answer 235

Sorenson and Snows Model of Disclosure

Question 236

What does the **Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD)** hypothesis state?

Answer 236

The DOHaD hypothesis asserts that environmental stresses during early life influence health and the risk of developing non-communicable diseases throughout an individual's lifespan.

Question 237

Despite ROSH establishment, more than 1/3 of children are back to where they started within a year of their case being closed. What does this say about current reporting and intervention protocol in Australia?

Answer 237

Suggests that we have great theoretical frameworks in place, however, they are not effective enough in real life setting.

Question 238

According to Baumsteigher (2019) what can reflection-based activities boost?

Answer 238

Empathy and action.

Question 239

What is the increase in explicit deepfake imagery since 2019? a) 220% b) 74% c) 32% d) 550%

Answer 239

D.550% Explicit deepfakes have increased on the internet as much as 550% year on year since 2019. ## Footnote Pornographic videos make up 98% of deepfake imagery online.

Question 240

72.1% of Queensland parents reported smacking their child ___

Answer 240

with an open hand ## Footnote This statistic comes from a survey of 1218 Queensland parents.

Question 241

What is altruism?

Answer 241

Helping at a personal cost. ## Footnote Altruism can be driven by various motivations, not always selfless.

Question 242

True or False: Warmth and Control both have positive and negative correlates - A balance between both will impact how a child views their parents and interacts with the world.

Answer 242

True. Hypothesised by Baumrind's Typology

Question 243

True or False: Permissive parenting style is associated with the best outcomes in Western cultures

Answer 243

False. The correct answer is Authoritative

Question 244

List some methodological issues related to the study of spanking.

Answer 244

* Varied definitions * Retrospective reports * Spanking preceded negative behaviour * Parents who spank less read more and hug their children more (co-effects) ## Footnote These issues complicate the interpretation of data regarding the effects of spanking.

Question 245

Fill in the blank: Empathy is a _______ emotional state linked to prosocial and moral behaviours.

Answer 245

shared

Question 246

What is the SIP model?

Answer 246

Social Information Processing Model that includes three cognitive processing stages

Question 247

What are the negative impacts of social media on children?

Answer 247

* Social isolation * Addiction * Bullying * Misinformation * Correlation to increase in depression and anxiety * Sleep problems

Question 248

Provide an example of **evocative gene-environment correlation**. | social child

Answer 248

A naturally outgoing child receives more social engagement and encouragement from teachers and peers.

Question 249

What does Trait Theory suggest about aggression?

Answer 249

* Consistency * Stability ## Footnote Trait Theory posits that aggressive behavior is relatively stable across time and situations.

Question 250

What does the **Fetal Origins of Adult Disease (FOAD) Hypothesis** propose?

Answer 250

The FOAD Hypothesis proposes that adverse intrauterine environmental exposures affect a fetus' development, increasing the risk of diseases in adult life.

Question 251

What are the three different views on corporal punishment?

Answer 251

* Pro-corporal punishment * Anti-corporal punishment * Conditional corporal punishment ## Footnote Each view offers a different perspective on the implications of physical discipline.

Question 252

# What attatchment style does the following description match? Exhibits ambivalent behaviour towards his/her caregiver. Not easily comforted by the caregiver and often demonstrates clingy and dependent behaviour towards an attachment figure yet still rejects them in times of interaction. When exploring their environment, displays difficulty in separating from the attachment figure.

Answer 252

Insecure Ambivalent/Resistant (Type C)

Question 253

What is collective family efficacy?

Answer 253

The entire family's ability to work together to achieve shared goals and maintain harmony

Question 254

What is Child Sexual Abuse (CSA)?

Answer 254

Child Sexual Abuse refers to any sexual activity with a child where consent is not given or cannot be given due to the child's age or mental capacity. ## Footnote CSA encompasses both penetrative and non-penetrative abuse.

Question 255

What are some criticisms of the **Biopsychosocial Model**?

Answer 255

* Lacks specific content and is too vague * Lacks scientific validity and philosophical coherence

Question 256

What percentage of defense lawyers' questions were found to be leading according to Powell et al (2022)? a) Powell et al (2020) did not measure this. b) 60% c) defence lawyers do not question CSA victims as it is tried in the Childrens Court d) 40%

Answer 256

B. 60%. ## Footnote This indicates a potential bias in the questioning techniques used during cross-examination.

Question 257

What is the focus of the General Aggression Model (GAM)? A. GAM focsues on the physical attributes of aggression and argues that development does not matter in the intervention process B. GAM considers the role of social, cognitive, personality, developmental, and biological factors on aggression. C. GAM consdiers that the role of social context and the perceived seriousness of aggression should determine wether or not aggression needs intervention.

Answer 257

B. GAM considers the role of social, cognitive, personality, developmental, and biological factors on aggression. ## Footnote This model provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the complexities of aggressive behavior.

Question 258

What is the effectiveness of verbal punishment?

Answer 258

Can stop unwanted behaviors in the short term but may harm self-esteem and fail to teach alternative behaviors. ## Footnote Overuse can lead to emotional distress.

Question 259

What is the primary focus of interventions for addressing child abuse?

Answer 259

Breaking the generational cycles of abuse

Question 260

Morality of constraint: judgement on the basis of consequence Morality of cooperation: judgement on the basis of intentions refer to what theory of moral development?

Answer 260

Piaget's Theory ## Footnote These concepts differentiate between judgments based on consequences and those based on intentions.

Question 261

What study identified the 4 Attatchment Styles?

Answer 261

The Strange Situation

Question 262

What does the 'Imitation of aggression hypothesis' suggest?

Answer 262

Children will imitate violent and aggressive behaviors observed in their environment.

Question 263

What is Bandura's agentic approach to self-regulation?

Answer 263

* Determinants of personal standards * Cognitive processes in self-evaluations * Supports for self-regulatory systems ## Footnote This approach emphasizes the role of individual agency in moral behavior.

Question 264

What does coping self-efficacy refer to?

Answer 264

One's perceived capability to mobilise motivation and resources to control negative events. ## Footnote Coping self-efficacy influences how individuals respond to bullying and victimization.

Question 265

What motivates primary school children to act prosocially?

Answer 265

Motivated by others' needs.

Question 266

Name the four categories of play in childhood development. | CASP

Answer 266

* Solitary Play * Parallel Play * Associative Play * Cooperative Play

Question 267

True of False: In the Mother-only condition infants developed normal attachment to mother and handled aggression appropriatley.

Answer 267

False. Mother Only: Normal attatchement to mother but innppropriate aggression. Peer Only: Developed extreme self-stimulating behaviours but handles aggression appropriatley