pt 1 Flashcards
(165 cards)
1
Q
whats bio?
A
study of life, how living structures interact
2
Q
what are the properties of life?
A
order, reproduction, growth, development, energy processing, regulation response to environment and evolutionary adaptation
3
Q
how do bacteria respond to env (good or bad, ex?)
A
amazing
respond different in fridge or acid
4
Q
what are 3 domains of life?
A
bacteria archaea and eukarya
5
Q
How do we divide organisms into the domain boxes
A
- USED TO USE KINGDOMS- STILL KIND OF WOKS FOR EUKARYOTES
- now use fologentic tree to see the connections and closenses to LUCA- last universal common ancestor
6
Q
are archaea and bacteria closely related?
A
look the same, but not the same
archaea more realted to use than bacteria
7
Q
bacteria vs archaea
A
- diffeernt wall structure, different protein
- division made by evolution of mutations
- cant just look at differences
- look at molecule sequence
8
Q
whats the bioshpere
A
all env on earth that supports life
9
Q
ecoystem
A
all the org living in particular area, ohysical componenst with which organisms interact
10
Q
organism
A
an individual living thing
11
Q
organ system
A
several organs coop
12
Q
what’s science
A
a way of knowing, an approach to understanding the natural world
13
Q
how do scientist investigate the world?
A
use evidence based process
14
Q
what does the scientific apporach involove?
A
-observation, hypthesis, predications, test hypthesis via expierements/additional observation adn analysis of data
15
Q
whats a scientific theory?
A
broad scope and supported by large body of evidence
- not proven but hasnt been disproved
16
Q
mice example to hypthesis and expirement
A
same species of mice- different color according to environment
- if switched, they get eaten more, didnt prove but supported their hypothesis
17
Q
limpet vs algae expirement
A
cage with algae- no limpets
open cage- yes limpets
cage without limpets produced more algae
18
Q
how can observation be wrong/misleading- red pandas
A
red pandas look like racoons , dna suggest more related to seals
19
Q
how is theory different than hypothesis?
A
sci theory- much broader in scope than a hypothesis
- usually general enough to general hypothesis from these
20
Q
eaxmples of theories
A
theory of gravity of theory of heliocentrucity
21
Q
what are the 5 unifiying themes in bio
A
- evolution is core theme
- life depends on flow of info
- structure and function are related
- life depends on transfer and transformation of E and matter
- life depends on interact within and between systems
22
Q
what is explanantion for unity and diversity in science?
A
-evolution, process of change that has transformed life on earth
23
Q
what does evolution change?
A
things that dont work
24
Q
what are 3 points made by darwin’s natural slection theory
A
- individual in population vary traits, passed on from parents,
population can produve more offspring than expected to survive - those with better trates will survive- proportion in pop will increase over generations
25
beatles and traits example
- darker beatles vs lighter beatles
- darker blend in therefore dont get eaten
- ove time more and more dark beatles
26
The processes of life all depend on the transmission
| and use of information: explain
– DNA is responsible for heredity and for programming the activities of a cell by providing the blueprint for proteins
- information recieved from surrounding environment
27
structure and function are related: explaine
can be observed at every level of life
molecular- structure of protein correlates with function
cellular level- lonf nerve cells allow transmit
28
life depends on transfer adn transformation of E
- E flows though an ecocystem in one direction
29
livign org interact with env exchanging matter and E
recucling of nutrients by producers, comsumers and decomposers
30
what do chemicals make up?
our bodies, bodies of other orgnaisms
| physucal enfiroment
31
what are living organisms composed of?
matter
32
whats matter
anything that takes up space and has mass
| -composed of chemical elements
33
whats a compound
substance consisiting of 2 or more elements
| ex. sodium chloride- table salt, NA + Cl
34
what are 3 most componenets of humans?
- o, c, and h
35
what do elements consist 1 type of?
atom
36
whats an atom?
smallest unit of matter that still retains propoerties of an element
37
what the 2 parts of an atom (subatomic particles_
protons
elevtrons
neutrons
38
what is the atomic number
number of elements protons
39
where are the atoms neturons and proones
nucleus
40
where are the electrons
orbit the nucleus
41
what holds the electrons in place
the negative charge and the nucleus' positive charhge
42
how do covalent bonds join atoms into molecules>
electron sharing
43
whats stringest kind of chemical bond?
covalent bond- 2 atoms share one or more outer shell electron
44
whats a molecule
two or more atoms held together by covalent bond
45
what are ionic bonds
attractions between ions of opposite charge
46
whats an ion
atom or molecules with an electrical charge resulting from gain or loss of one or more electrons
47
2 ions with what charge attract each other
opposite charge!
48
are hyrogen bonds strong or week?
weak!
49
how are water molecules joined?
hydrogen atoms of a water molecule are attached to o2 by polar covalent bond
50
is a hydrogen bond polar or non polar? what shape does this create
poplar bonds, therefore v shape, therefore polar molecule
51
hydrogen bonds make liquid water...
cohesive!
52
what's cohesion?
tendency of molecules of smae kind to stock together
53
explain cohesion in relation to water and plants
cohesion much stronfer for water than other liquids
| most plants depend on cohesions to help trnasport water and nutrients up their roots to leaves
54
how is cohesion related to surgace tension?
- measure of how dofficult it is to break the surface of a liquid
- hydrogen bonds give water high srface tnesions,
- -this is why water striders can stand on water without breaking surface
55
____ is he solvent of life- what does this mean?
water!
- water's versatility as solvent results from polarty of molecules
-
56
in terms of acidity and ph... increase in protons creates increase in...
- increase in acidity
57
what type of scale does the ph scale use?
- logarithmic
58
whats carbons affect on coral reef ecosystem?
co2 main product of fossil duel combustion
increasing in atmo
linked to global climate change
co2 results in ocean acidification!- reduces concentation f carbonate ion
59
carbons ability to bond with--- is the basis for building large and diverse __
- four other atoms
| - ogranic compounds
60
what are the backbone of most oganic molescules
- carbon chains
61
what are isomers
have the same molecular forumla but different structure
62
what are hydrocarbons composed of
carbon and hydroen
63
an organic compound has unique properties that depend upon
- size and shape of molecule
| - groups pf atoms attached to it
64
functinoal group affests...
biological molecules function in a charactersitic way
65
what are four classes of molecules important to organisms
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
66
what are carbohydates
- simplest form are monosaccharides
- range from small sugar moleculers (monomers) to large polysaccharides
-
67
what are sugar monomers and where are they found
- theyre monosaccharides
| such as - glusose adn fructose
68
what happesn fi you join two monosacchides (monomers)
- form a disaccharide in dehydation reaction
- sucrose in formed by combining glucose and fructose monomer
- maltose- formed from two glucose monomers
69
what are long chains of sugar units
polysaccharides
70
what are two examples of poluscaccharide
starch and glycogen
71
describe starch
- -polysaccharide
- compposed of glucose monomers
used by plants for energey storagw
-
72
describe glycogen
- a polysaccharide
composed of glucose monomers
used by animals for E storage
73
what are two mahor typosed of lipids
fats and phosolopods
74
whats a fat
large lipi made of one glycerol and 3 fatty acid
75
why dont fats dissolve in water
no charge! anything with slight charge can be active with water
76
what are phosolipids made out of
2 fatty acids attached to glycerol
77
why do phosolipids form bilayers in water?
lack of charge- therefore hydrophobic
phosphat ehas charge tjat likes to interact with water- hydrofilic
- 1 piece loves water other puece doesnt
78
phosolipid head vs tail
head lkes water, center(tail) hates water
| so... water interacts with fatty acid tail then water comes out of other side
79
what are proteins made of?
amino acids- linked by peptide bonds
- 20 types of amino acid- comprise
- -amino group, carboxy group, hydrogen atom, chemical atom
80
how are amino acids linked together?
- in dehydration reaction
joining carboxyl group of one amino acis to the amino group of the next animo acid
-create peptide bond
-additional amino acids can be added by the same process to create a chain o fa amino acids called polupetide
81
what does protein shape depend on
four levels of structure
| - primary, 2dary, teriary and quatenary
82
what are dna and rna composed of
monomers called nucletides
83
nucleotudes have three parts:
- 5 carbon sugar called ribose in rna, and deoxyribose in dna
- phosphate froup
- nitrogenouse base
84
what are the dna nitrogenous bases?
adenine
thymine
guanine
cytosine
85
2 polynucleotide strands wrap around each other to form...
dna double helix
86
explain evolution and lactose tolerance
-different mutations in dna led to lactose tolerance in several human groups whose ancestors raised in dairy
87
what do you study using microscopes
microorganisms, animal and plant cells
| some structure wihtin cells
88
what does celltheorystate
all livign things are composed of cells
| all cells come from other cells
89
why are cells so small?
need to echange materials across plasma membrane
90
whats the plasma membrane
- forms flixeible boundary between livign cell adn its surroundings
91
what are phosolipids
form a 2 layer sheet called a phosolipid bulayer
92
phosolipid layer
- hydrophilic heads face outward, exposed to water
| - hydropgobic tails point inward sheilded from water
93
the cell size must be large enough to...
| and small enough to...
- house DNA, proteins and structures needed to survive and reproduce
- small enough to allow for survive to volume ratio that will allow adequate exchange with environment
94
prokaryotic cells are strucutually...
simple!
95
bactiera and archae are...
prokaryotic cells
96
all life other than prokaryotic cells are...
eukatotic cells
97
what do prokaryotic and eukarytoic cells both have
| what does this suggest
- plasma mebrane
- one or more chromosomes and ribosomes
- luca had these!
98
eukaryotic cells have...
- membrane bound nucleous
| - number of other organelles
99
prokaryotic cells have
dna thats coiled in necleios, but no mebrane surrounds the dna
100
are prokaryotic cells simpler or more complex than eukaryotic
simpler!
101
surafce of prokaryotic cells may be...
| and may have...
surorounded by a chemically capmplez cell wall and capsule
| have short projections- called flagela used to propoel cell through liquid environment
102
why would bacteria turn glucose to mucus for capsule?
prevent it from drying out
| or protect against antibodies, so cant be detected
103
what are organelles
things that perform specific function
104
eukaryotic cells are partitioned into what functional compartments?
- 1 genetic control- nucleus
-2 manufacture, distribution and breakdown of molecules
-3. energy processing- mitochonfrai in all cells and choloplasts in plant cells
4.
105
what are lysomes?
digestive compartments within cell
| - break away piece of cell membrane and consume it into the cell where it is digested in food vacuole
106
what is evidence that mitochondria and chloroplast evolved by endosymbiosis
-mito and chloro were formerly small prokaryotes, began living in larger cells
evidence:
- mito and chlor can be affected by antibiotics
genomes smiilar to prokarotes
produced by fission
107
explain te endoymbiosis for mito and chloro
- eukarotic peobably had nucleas, but soon after splir with archae, ate a bateri and instaed of eating it, it fized itself as symbiotici ogrnaism
- produced excess E, making it faster and more efficiient
108
what are membranes?
fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins with many functions
109
what are the essential functions of membranes?
```
- physical barriers
trnasport
bioenegeretics (ATP generation)
cellular signaling
electrical.neural activity
```
110
what is the key ingredient of biological membranes?
phosolipids
111
whats passive diffusion?
- transport acorss mebrane with no energe invenstment
| - concentration gradient
112
diffusion:
tendency of molecules to spread out evenly
- doesnt requrie E
passive
113
explain concentration gradient
means that particles diffuse down
| - concetration gradient
114
explain osmosis
diffusion of water across membrane:
-water will cross membrane
moving from area od low to higher solute concetration
until the soulte concetration is equal on both sides
115
whats a hypotonic solution
- solute concetration is lower ourtside cell
- in animal cell- will explode
- plant cell will expand
116
isotonic solution
- concentration is the same outside the cell
| - cells normal
117
hpyertonic explaine
solute concetration is higher outside of cell
- animal cell will shrivel up
plant cell will sepeate from membrane
118
tonicity
ability of a solution to cause a cell to gaib/lose water- depends on concetration of a soulte on both sides of membrane
119
what do transport proteins do?
faciliate diffusion across membrances
120
hydro___ easily diffuse though cell membrane
hydrophobic
121
____ cant easilit cross cell membrane and require____
polar or charged substances
| - need hepl of transport proteins through faciliated diffusions
122
explain faciliated diffusion
doesnt require E, relies on concentration gradient
123
Aquaporin
protein channel that helps rapid diffusion of water in and out of cell
124
plasma mebrane is ___permiable
semi permiable
125
describe active transport- explain steps
- cell must spend energy to move solute against concentration gradient
steps:
- solute binding, phosphate attaching, protein changes shape, protein reversion
126
explain exosytosis and endocytosis
exo- pushes out
endo- bringing in
exo/end transport large molecules across membranes
material is packaged within vesicle that fuses with membrane
127
what type of E is most important for organism?
chemical energy powers the cell
128
chemical reactions wither ___ or ___ E
release or store
129
exergonic reactions...
release E
| - in covalent bonds of reactants
130
endergonic process...
| give expample
energy poor reactants co2, water are used to produce E-rich sugars, via sun
- photosynthesis
131
whats atp?
adenosine triphosphate
- powers nearly all forms of cellular work
- drives cellular work through exergonic and endergonic reactions
- when we burn sugar in resoiration we make ATP, when we use E, we break up a P and becomes ADP
- renewable source of E for cell
132
enzymes ...
speed up the cells chemical reactions by lowering E barriers
133
what's activation energy?
- amount of energy to move uphill to a higher E but an unstable state so that downhill part reaction can begin
- reaction catalysts
shape determines enzyme specificity
134
substrate
specific reactant that an enzyme
| acts on
135
active site.
spot substrate fits into a region of the
| enzyme
136
many enzymes require...
cofactors
137
what are the 2 types of enzyme inhibiters
- competitive and noncompetitive
138
why are enzyme inhibitors important
- regulating cell metabolism
| - participate in feedback inhabitation
139
what are some real world inhibtors
drugs, pesticides and poisons
140
in almost all ecocsytems, E comes from
sun!
141
E in photosynthesis:
- some E in sub captured by chloroplasts
| atoms of co2 and h20 are rearranged into sugar and o2
142
E in cellular respiration:
- sugar broken down to co2 and h20
| - cell captures some of release E to make ATP
143
respiration vs cellular respiration
- respiration- exhnage of gases
- usually an organism bring o2 from ennviro and releases co2
- cellular respiration- is the aerobic (o2 aquiring) harvesting of E from food molecules by cell
144
what kind of process is cellular respiration and what does it make from glucose
- exergonic process that transfers E from the bonds in glucose to form ATP
145
how much atp is produced in cellular respiration per glucose
32
146
how much energy is captured in cell resp. from glucose
34%
147
the movement of electrons from one molecule to another is...
AN OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTION OR REDOX REACTION
148
oxidation is...
loss of electrons from one substance- loses 1 or more
149
reduction is...
addition of electrons to another substance
150
in cell. resp where is the oxidation and reduction
- glucose to co2 oxidation
| - o2 to h2o reduction
151
whats oil rig?
oxidation is loss, reduction is gain!
152
explain the electron transport chain
- cells capture E from electrons falling from organic fuels to 02
- NADH delivers electrons to a string of electron carrier molecules and move downhill, release E and at bottom, o2 accepts 2 electrons, picks up H and reduced to water
153
what are the 4 steps of cellular respiration?
glycolysis
pyrucate oxidation and citric acid cycle
oxidative phosporylation
154
explain glycolysis- step 1 of cell. resp
single molecule of glucose becomes 2 molecule of pyruvates, 2 molecules of NAD are reduced to 2 NADH and net gain of 2 ATP
155
explain oxidation =step 2A of cell resp
- pyruvate is oxidized, citric acid cycle completes oxidation of organic molecules
- 2 pyruvates/ glucose molecule
- pyruvate doesn't enter citric acid cycle, but undergoes chemicals grooming creating acetyl CoA
156
explain citric acid cycle- step 2B of cell resp
- creates 2 ATO, 6 NADH and H, and 2 FADH
157
explain oxidative phosphorylation- step 3 of cell resp.
- electrons from NAGH and FADH travel down electron transport to 02
- terminal electron accepter picks up electron to form water
- E is released by redox reaction s and is used to pump G from mitochondria matrix into inner mem.
- -- in chemiosmosis- H diffuses back across inner membrane through ATP synthase (spinner)
158
what do metabolic poisons do?
- mess up and prevent transport chain from moving protons, others make holes letting protons escape
159
fermentation
way of harvesting chemical E that doesnt require O2
- takes advantage of glycolusus
produces 2 atp per glucose
reduces adn recyles NAD and NADH
160
lactic acid fermentation
- NADH is oxidized to NAD
| - pyruvate is reduced to lactate
161
alcohol fermentation
yeasts oxidize NADH to NAD
| convert pyruvate to co2 and ethanol
162
how someone can
gain weight and
store fat even when
on a low-fat diet?
we dont just eat fats, or glucose,etc, we get E from other organic molecules
163
photoautotrophs
- make their won fodo through photosynthesis
164
photoautotrophs are ___ producers
primary
165
Chlorophyll is...
important light-absorbing pigment in chloroplasts,
- responsible for the green color of plants
-plays a central role in converting solar energy to
chemical energy.
