PT 102 Exam #2

Question 1

What type of exercise is performed by a person with manual or mechanical assistance?

Answer 1

Active assistive exercise (pulleys, wand, PT moving body part on pt)

Question 2

What type of exercise is performed by a person without any manual or mechanical assistance?

Answer 2

Active Exercise

Question 3

This is a decrease in normal size of cells, tissues, organs or body parts (usually happens b/c of disuse)

Answer 3

atrophy

Question 4

What are some types of equipment found in a typical patient cubicle in the ICU?

Answer 4

IV, central venous catheter, urinary catheter, drainage tubes, pulse oximeter, oxygen or leads going from the pt to monitor vital signs, respirator.

Question 5

What does the NICU stand for?

Answer 5

Neurological (neuro) intensive care unit or neonatal intensive recovery unit

Question 6

Name some specialized patient care units?

Answer 6

BWICU: burn wound intensive care unit, CCU: coronary care unit or critical care unit, CSICU: cardiac surgery intensive care unit, ER: emergency room, ICU: intensive care unit, PACU: postanesthesia care unit, PICU: pediatric or psychiatric intensive care unit, RICU: respiratory intensive care unit

Question 7

What patient factors should be considered before and during treatment?

Answer 7

Medical history, sedation/level of alertness, cognition/ability to learn, active participation level, medical stability, activity tolerance, adequate proximal muscle strength

Question 8

Overall goals of treatment for pts in the ICU are?

Answer 8

Minimize or prevent the adverse effects of inactivity & immobility, & help each person become functionally independent

Question 9

Some examples of basic ADLs are?

Answer 9

Walking independently, bathing, eating, dressing, grooming, transferring from a bed to a chair & toileting

Question 10

When pts are in the ICU, it is of utmost important to prevent the development of contractures, how can we do that?

Answer 10

Passive & active exercise, proper positioning & body alignment

Question 11

PROM & AROM exercises help stimulate what system?

Answer 11

Sensory system; increases sensory awareness & coordination

Question 12

What is the standard progression of treatment for a PT in the ICU

Answer 12

Assess bed mobility (rolling, scooting & bridging), assess supine to sit transfer, sitting on the edge of the bed, establish measurable and attainable patient goals, EOB activities, transfer training, gait training

Question 13

What is the trendelenburgs’ position?

Answer 13

Patient lies supine with the head lower than the rest of the body

Question 14

What condition would a pt be using a air-fluidized bed?

Answer 14

pts who have several infected lesions or require skin protection & who’s position cannot be altered easily

Question 15

When would you use a turning frame bed?

Answer 15

Skeletal stability & alignment are desired; to permit a pt to be turned horizontally fem prone to supine or vice versa

Question 16

Posttrauma mobility bed are indicated for which type of patients?

Answer 16

Restricted respiratory function or advanced or multiple pressure ulcers or for pts who require stabilization & skeletal alignment after extensive trauma or as result of severe neuro deficits.

Question 17

An low air loss therapy bed is used for?

Answer 17

pts who require prolonged immobilization, who are at high risk of developing pressure ulcers or who have existing ulcers, who condition requires frequent elevation of the trunk to promote proper respiratory function, & who are obese

Question 18

What is the purpose of a ventilator?

Answer 18

To maintain adequate & appropriate air exchange when normal respiration is inhibited or cannot be actively performed by the patient

Question 19

Name a few types of ventilators

Answer 19

Volume-cycled (COPD), pressure cycled (neuron/muscular distress) negative pressure device (poliomyelitis)

Question 20

The right atrial catheter (Hickman) is inserted through the cephalic or internal jugular vein. When transferring a patient with this catheter, WHAT DON’T YOU WANT TODO?!

Answer 20

DO NOT roll them on that side of the body!!!! & don’t let that catheter come out of the body, avoid shoulder motion

Question 21

What is the swan-ganz catheter?

Answer 21

Inserted into the internal jugular or femoral vein, provides info about PAP, cardiovascular system

Question 22

The ventricular catheter highly accurately measures what in the brain?

Answer 22

ICP inter cranial pulse, and allows for the withdrawal of CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

Question 23

What enzyme is at high levels in a person heart after an myocardial infarction?

Answer 23

creatine kinase (CK)

Question 24

An Oximeter is positioned on or attached to a patient’s finger or ear, and it measures and reports the _____ rate and % _____ of the blood.

Answer 24

Pulse; SaO2 (Saturated Oxygen)

Question 25

___________ is initiated in patients for a variety of medical reasons, the most common being to prevent _____ after surgery.

Answer 25

Anticoagulation; clots

Question 26

What are the three most common intravenous infusion sites?

Answer 26

Upper extremity, Lower extremity, and head

Question 27

What are some complications with intravenous therapy?

Answer 27

Phlebitis (pain in limb); Thrombophlebitis (painful intravenous site); Air embolism; Infection at site; Systemic infection; Allergic reaction

Question 28

Name three modes of oxygen delivery?

Answer 28

Nasal cannula, oronasal mask, and nasal catheter

Question 29

While transferring pt's with urinary catheters, what should you avoid doing?

Answer 29

Position the catheter above the bladder and make sure it is not full

Question 30

Tubes that are placed in the anterior or lateral chest wall, promote the removal of air, as in treating ________?

Answer 30

Pneumothorax

Question 31

A surgically produced opening in the abdomen to allow the elimination of feces is called?

Answer 31

An Ostomy

Question 32

______ is applied to an extremity in order to align fracture segments, stretch soft tissue, reduce muscle spasm or contractures, and immobilize the patient.

Answer 32

Traction

Question 33

_______ is used for patients who experience acute or end stage renal disease.

Answer 33

Dialysis

Question 34

The object of dialysis is?

Answer 34

Prevent infection; restore the normal levels of fluids & electrolytes; control the acid-base balance; remove waste & toxic materials; and assist in or replace normal kidney function

Question 35

While moving an object, as PTA can do the what in order to generate some motion to overcome inertia; or to reduce contact between the object and the surface on which it rests (which reduces friction between the object and the underlying surface)?

Answer 35

Rocking, tipping, or partially lifting the object.

Question 36

Shortening or tightening of the skin, muscle, fascia, or joint capsule that prevents normal movement or flexibility of the involved structure is called?

Answer 36

Contracture

Question 37

Deficiency of blood in a part because of functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel is called?

Answer 37

Ischemia

Question 38

Morphological changes indicative of cell death is called?

Answer 38

Necrosis

Question 39

A position of comfort may be a position that could lead to the development of a soft-tissue _________.

Answer 39

Contracture

Question 40

How often should a PTA change a pt's position in order to avoid contractures?

Answer 40

At least every 2 hours.

Question 41

Folds or wrinkles in linen beneath the pt should be removed in order to avoid "what"?

Answer 41

Increased skin pressure that may lead to ulcers.

Question 42

Red areas indicate areas of pressure, and pale or _______ areas may indicate severe, dangerous pressure.

Answer 42

Blanched

Question 43

Pressure to a localized area of soft tissue, especially when there is an underlying bony prominence, produces local _______.

Answer 43

Ischemia

Question 44

Over time increased pressure to a localized area of soft tissue can lead to _______, or "cell death".

Answer 44

Necrosis

Question 45

When placing a patient in the supine position, a small pillow or cervical roll can be placed under the patient's head. However excessive neck and upper back _______ or scapular ________ should be avoided

Answer 45

Flexion; abduction

Question 46

The areas of greatest pressure when the patient is in the supine position are:

Answer 46

Occipital tuberosity, spine and inferior angle of the scapular, spinus processes of the vertebrae, posterior iliac crests, sacrum, and posterior calcaneus.

Question 47

What should be avoided for a patient with a transfemoral amputation?

Answer 47

The residual limb (RL) should not be elevated on a pillow while a patient is supine for more than a few minutes of each hour; the patient should be limited to sitting no more than 40 minutes of each hour; hip abduction of the RL should be avoided to prevent a contracture of the hip abductor muscles (periodic prone lying is recommended).

Question 48

What should be avoided for a patient with a transtibial amputation?

Answer 48

Prolonged hip and knee flexion; the RL should not be elevated on a pillow while the patient is supine for more than a few minutes of each hour; when the patient sits, stands or is recumbent, the hip and knee should be maintained in extension (periodic prone lying is recommended)

Question 49

What should be avoided for a patient with a hemiplegia (upper extremity)?

Answer 49

Prolonged shoulder adduction and internal rotation, elbow flexion, forearm supination/pronation, wrist/finger/thumb flexion and finger/thumb adduction should be avoided.

Question 50

What should be avoided for a patient with a hemiplegia (lower extremity)?

Answer 50

Prolonged hip and knee flexion, hip external rotation, and ankle plantar flexion/inversion should be avoided

Question 51

What should be avoided when treating pt's with Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Answer 51

Prolonged immobilization of the affected extremity joints should be avoided, particularly if the joint is maintained in flexion.

Question 52

What should be avoided when treating pt's with Burns?

Answer 52

Prolonged positioning of the joints that have been affected by the burn or graft used to repair the wound. Prolonged flexion / addiction of most peripheral joints should be avoided when the burn is located on the flexor or abductor surface of a joint.

Question 53

The primary reasons to appropriately drape or clothe a pt are to:

Answer 53

1) expose or free an area to be treated, 2) provide modesty, 3) maintain a comfortable body temperature, and 4) protect the skin and clothing from becoming soiled or damaged.

Question 54

What does SOAP stand for?

Answer 54

subjective, objective, assessment, plan

Question 55

In what section of SOAP would the "what will happen next" go into?

Answer 55

Plan

Question 56

This section of SOAP in where the PT interprets the subject & objective data: is the pt safe to go home?

Answer 56

Assessment

Question 57

What the definition of a transfer?

Answer 57

Moving patients from one surface to another while protecting the patients & PTs safety

Question 58

Provide_______ support necessary to achieve maximum patient safety!

Answer 58

Minimum

Question 59

Subjective info includes?

Answer 59

What the pt says, info that you can't confirm

Question 60

What does the objective info include?

Answer 60

test & measurements, functional activities, report of what intervention were performed including HEP

Question 61

What are some guiding principles when transferring patients?

Answer 61

move towards the strong side, make sure surfaces are even, use a gait belt

Question 62

In order to max your mechanical advantage, you need to use certain points of control, please name them.

Answer 62

Hips, ischial tuberosity, ribs, scapula & axila

Question 63

Independent grade of assistance means what in the amount of effort by pt & PT

Answer 63

100%-pt 0%-PT

Question 64

Min-assist grade of assistance means what in the amount of effort by pt & PT

Answer 64

at least 75-99%-pt up to 25%-PT

Question 65

moderate assist grade of assistance means what in the amount of effort by pt & PT

Answer 65

50%-pt 50%-PT

Question 66

MAX asset grade of assistance means what in the amount of effort by pt & PT

Answer 66

0-25%-pt 25 99%-PT

Question 67

DEPENDENT grade of assistance means what in the amount of effort by pt & PT

Answer 67

0%-pt 100%-PT

Question 68

When the PTA stays close to a patient but does not touch them, this known as_____ supervision?

Answer 68

Close supervision

Question 69

What type of supervision is allows the pt to be away from therapist during their treatment plan?

Answer 69

Distant supervision

Question 70

" the little touch" provided by the therapist in order to help balance the pt (hand on pt for stability not helping them perform the exss)

Answer 70

Contact Guard

Question 71

Name the 2 type of cues while treating patients?

Answer 71

verbal (instructions), tactile (touching)

Question 72

Why do we encourage the pt todo the activity by themselves? (purpose of pt INVOLVEMENT)

Answer 72

Patients max participation will allow them to get better, go home and help themselves. Be more independent.

Question 73

When planning a transfer the therapist should perform the following steps

Answer 73

1) have a clear plan in mind 2) encourage the pt's max participation 3) give clear instructions 4) shoes or skid proof socks 5) prepare the environment

Question 74

What does the term "end feel" mean?

Answer 74

the resistance sensed or lack of from the soft tissue or joint capsule or other joint structures as the PROM is being performed.

Question 75

What does the empty end feel mean?

Answer 75

No end feel is elicited b/c the pt does not permit full ROM usually due to acute pain.

Question 76

What is an example of a soft end feel?

Answer 76

when soft tissues are compressed or stetted (elbow or knee flexion)

Question 77

What is an example of a hard end feel?

Answer 77

Bony block or resistance is reached (elbow extension)

Question 78

Which conditions require special precautions during transfers?

Answer 78

total joint replacement, low back trauma or discomfort, spinal cord injury, burns, hemiplegia, CVA

Question 79

Types of Transfer

Answer 79

stand pivot, moving up & down in bed, side to side (assisted, unassisted), dependent to & from stretcher, dependent lift from wheelchair to table, up & down from floor, pneumatic lift (hoyer), sliding board, scoop pivot, bariatirc transfers

Question 80

How to maximize your mechanical advantage ?

Answer 80

gait belt, use transfer board, mechanical lift (hoyer), get help from others if you need it, make sure pt is doing as much as they can to help, build momentum, pts of control (hips, ishium, waist, axilla

Question 81

When transferring pts keep an eye out for these bad boys (cautions)

Answer 81

enviornmental surfaces- cords, unlocked brakes, iv cords, ng tubes, catheter bags, o2 tanks, etc. At risk pts- THR, TBI, CVA Be prepared for anything, have another plan (what is the pt faints, losses bladder control?)

Question 82

Why do we need to document?

Answer 82

to CYA, to explain why and what happened during treatment, pt attendance, insurance purposes, validate need for PT, share info btw disciplines, 4 the facility & pt

Question 83

Documentation should include

Answer 83

1) level of assistance needed by pt (i.e. min, max assist) 2) verbal or tactile cues 3) type of supervision needed 4)SOAP notes