pt 3

Question 1

What is the main goal of Chest Physiotherapy (CPT)?

Answer 1

To help mobilize or eliminate secretions, re-expand lung tissue, and promote efficient respiratory muscle use

Question 2

Name four techniques used in Chest Physiotherapy.

Answer 2

Aerosol therapy, postural drainage, manual percussion and vibration of the chest, and breathing and coughing exercises

Question 3

A suspension of very fine liquid or solid particles in a gas

Answer 3

aerosol therapy?

Question 4

two methods of aerosol therapy

Answer 4

Nebulization and Metered Dose Inhaler (MDI)

Question 5

A procedure that uses an air compressor to force air through liquid medication, turning it into a fine mist for breathing

Answer 5

Nebulization

Question 6

A small, hand-held device filled with medicine that delivers a specific amount of medication through the mouth and into the lungs

Answer 6

Metered-Dose Inhaler (MDI)

Question 7

What add-on device can help with MDI use?

Answer 7

A spacer

Question 8

It helps with coordination of breathing and aerosol delivery, and allows aerosolised particles to remain in suspension longer

Answer 8

MDI

Question 9

What percentage of medication from aerosol therapy reaches the lungs?

Answer 9

Approximately 10%

Question 10

four types of medications used in aerosol therapy.

Answer 10

Bronchodilators, steroids, antibiotics, and mucolytics

Question 11

two examples of bronchodilators.

Answer 11

Anticholinergics and Beta 2 Agonists

Question 12

liquefies respiratory secretions, decreasing their tenacity and viscosity

Answer 12

mucolytics

Question 13

Describe the proper position for a child during nebulization.

Answer 13

Semi-Fowler’s or Fowler’s position

Question 14

How should a child breathe during nebulization with a mask?

Answer 14

Slowly and deeply through an open mouth

Question 15

How long does a typical nebulization treatment last?

Answer 15

10-15 mins

Question 16

What technique can be used during or after nebulisation to further help mobilize secretions?

Answer 16

Percussion or clapping

Question 17

What should be assessed before and after aerosol treatments?

Answer 17

Breath sounds and work of breathing

Question 18

Uses gravity to help move peripheral pulmonary secretions into the bronchi and trachea for expectoration

Answer 18

postural drainage

Question 19

When is postural drainage indicated?

Answer 19

When excessive fluid or mucus in the bronchi is not being removed by normal ciliary activity and cough

Question 20

Name two conditions where postural drainage can be effective in children.

Answer 20

Cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis

Question 21

What type of medication may be given before postural drainage?

Answer 21

bronchodilator or nebulization therapy

Question 22

When should postural drainage be performed in relation to meals?

Answer 22

Before meals or 1.5 to 2 hours after meals

Question 23

How often is postural drainage typically carried out?

Answer 23

Three or four times daily

Question 24

How long does a postural drainage treatment usually last?

Answer 24

20 to 30 minutes

Question 25

Using cupped hands to clap on the chest

Answer 25

percussion

Question 26

What sound should percussion make?

Answer 26

A "popping," hollow sound

Question 27

Where should percussion be performed?

Answer 27

over the rib cage only

Question 28

Done manually using hands or a motorised device; used with percussion or as an alternative in patients with chest trauma, severe pain, or who are frail

Answer 28

vibration

Question 29

Name three types of breathing exercises

Answer 29

Diaphragmatic breathing, pursed-lip breathing, and huffing technique

Question 30

Where should you avoid percussing?

Answer 30

Over the spine or internal organs

Question 31

What should the child wear during chest physiotherapy?

Answer 31

lightweight shirt or infant blanket

Question 32

What two types of light does a pulse oximeter emit?

Answer 32

Red and infrared

Question 33

How does oxygen saturation affect light absorption in pulse oximetry?

Answer 33

Hemoglobin saturated with oxygen (oxyhemoglobin) absorbs more infrared light than hemoglobin not saturated with oxygen (deoxyhemoglobin)

Question 34

List five clinical signs of low oxygen saturation in newborns.

Answer 34

Nasal flaring, subcostal retractions, suprasternal retractions, intercostal retractions, grunting, cyanosis, inability to feed

Question 35

What is the normal oxygen saturation range?

Answer 35

97%-100%

Question 36

What factors can affect the accuracy of pulse oximetry?

Answer 36

Movement, temperature, and nail polish

Question 37

What is the minimum flow rate for an oxygen hood and why?

Answer 37

At least 7 L/min to maintain oxygen concentrations and remove exhaled carbon dioxide

Question 38

A quick prick on the heel of the infant using a safety lancet to draw blood samples

Answer 38

heel stick procedure

Question 39

Why is the heel preferred over the finger for blood draws in infants?

Answer 39

To avoid trauma, pain, and tissue damage

Question 40

List three situations when a heel stick should not be used.

Answer 40

When large blood volume is needed, if the heel has injury/infection/edema, or if the infant is 4-12 months old

Question 41

What is the recommended incision depth for premature babies (up to 1 kg) during a heel stick?

Answer 41

0.65 mm

Question 42

Why is it important to warm the neonate's foot before a heel stick?

Answer 42

To facilitate circulation to the peripheral area. Warmth helps to dilate vessels and allow blood to move freely

Question 43

Why should the first drop of blood be wiped away during a heel stick?

Answer 43

To prevent contamination and dilution of the specimen

Question 44

Where on the heel should the puncture be made?

Answer 44

In the lateral or medial aspect of the hee

Question 45

List three things to evaluate after a heel stick procedure.

Answer 45

RBS/ glucose level of the neonate, reaction of the neonate (vital signs and response to pain)

Question 46

Excessive level of accumulated bilirubin in the blood

Answer 46

hyperbilirubinemia

Question 47

Yellowish discoloration of the skin, sclerae, and nails

Answer 47

jaundice (icterus)

Question 48

What causes jaundice?

Answer 48

Elevated bilirubin levels

Question 49

What are the two types of bilirubin?

Answer 49

Unconjugated (indirect) and conjugated (direct)

Question 50

Deposition of bilirubin in the brain

Answer 50

kernicterus

Question 51

What medication may be used to promote liver enzyme synthesis in newborns?

Answer 51

Phenobarbital

Question 52

A medical treatment using natural or artificial light to improve a health condition

Answer 52

phototherapy

Question 53

What type of light do Bili lights emit?

Answer 53

Blue-green spectrum light (wavelengths 430-490nm)

Question 54

What is the purpose of phototherapy?

Answer 54

To decrease serum bilirubin levels

Question 55

How does phototherapy help reduce bilirubin levels?

Answer 55

Light promotes bilirubin excretion by photoisometrization, which alters the structure of bilirubin to a soluble form (lumirubin) for easier excretion

Question 56

Name three pieces of equipment used during phototherapy.

Answer 56

Bili lights, eye pads or eye shields, diaper

Question 57

How far should the baby be placed from the phototherapy lamp?

Answer 57

45cm

Question 58

Why are the baby's genitals covered during phototherapy?

Answer 58

To protect them from high-intensity lights

Question 59

Why are eye pads or shields used during phototherapy?

Answer 59

To protect the eyes from the effect of high-intensity lights on the retina and avoid abrasions to the cornea

Question 60

How often should the baby's position be changed during phototherapy?

Answer 60

Every 2 hours

Question 61

List five potential side effects of phototherapy.

Answer 61

Loose, greenish stools, transient skin rashes, hyperthermia, dehydration, electrolyte disturbances

Question 62

A newborn, regardless of gestational age or birth weight, who has a greater chance of morbidity or mortality due to conditions associated with birth and adjustment to extrauterine existence

Answer 62

high risk neonate

Question 63

A rapid assessment to determine apparent problems in newborns

Answer 63

APGAR score

Question 64

List five signs assessed in an Apgar score.

Answer 64

Heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and colour

Question 65

What is a low birth weight (LBW) infant?

Answer 65

less than 2500 g (5.5 pounds) regardless of gestational age

Question 66

What is a very low birth weight (VLBW) infant?

Answer 66

less than 1500 g (3.3 pounds)

Question 67

What is an extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infant?

Answer 67

less than 1000 g (2.2 pounds)

Question 68

What is a preterm infant?

Answer 68

born before completion of 37 weeks of gestation

Question 69

What is a post-term infant?

Answer 69

born after 42 weeks of gestational age

Question 70

What is the most crucial need of LBW infants after respiration is established?

Answer 70

Application of external warmth

Question 71

What axillary temperature range is considered appropriate for preterm infants?

Answer 71

36.3° and 36.9° C (97.3° and 98.4° F)

Question 72

List three consequences of cold stress in neonates.

Answer 72

Hypoxia, metabolic acidosis, and hypoglycemia

Question 73

What is the foundation of infection prevention?

Answer 73

Thorough, meticulous, and frequent hand washing

Question 74

List two common routes of fluid infusion for high-risk infants.

Answer 74

Peripheral and umbilical venous catheters

Question 75

Why do ELBW, VLBW, or critically ill infants often receive the majority of their nutrients parenterally?

Answer 75

Because of their inability to digest and absorb enteral nutrition

Question 76

A safe means of meeting the nutritional requirements of infants who are unable to feed orally

Answer 76

gavage feeding

Question 77

List three behaviors that indicate readiness for oral feedings.

Answer 77

strong, vigorous suck; Coordination of sucking and swallowing; A gag reflex; Sucking on the gavage tube, hands, or a pacifier; Rooting and wakefulness before and sleeping after feedings

Question 78

What are the proposed benefits of non-nutritive sucking (NNS)?

Answer 78

Improved weight gain, improved milk intake, more stable heart rate and oxygen saturation, earlier age at full oral feeds, and improved behavioral state

Question 79

What position is best for most preterm infants early in hospitalisation?

Answer 79

prone position

Question 80

What type of soap should be avoided for skin care in newborns?

Answer 80

Alkaline-based soap

Question 81

Give two examples of tactile developmental interventions

Answer 81

Stroke skin slowly and gently in head-to-toe direction; Provide firm boundaries: foot bracing, blankets, “nesting”; Encourage skin-to-skin (kangaroo) holding; Provide containment holding

Question 82

What is considered the best auditory stimulus for infants?

Answer 82

mother's voice

Question 83

What breathing problem can premature babies develop?

Answer 83

Respiratory distress syndrome

Question 84

An infant who is over 8 pounds, 13 ounces at birth

Answer 84

macrosomia

Question 85

Occurs when the placenta fails to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients to the infant

Answer 85

placental insufficiency

Question 86

An infant breathing in amniotic fluid and meconium during labor and delivery

Answer 86

meconium aspiration

Question 87

What is a sudden bluish discoloration seen in the toes of infants with umbilical venous or arterial lines called?

Answer 87

Catheter toes

Question 88

Encourages deep breathing to expand lung capacity.

Answer 88

Diaphragmatic Breathing

Question 89

Helps control shortness of breath and prevent airway collapse.

Answer 89

Pursed-Lip Breathing

Question 90

Used to clear mucus from the lungs without causing strain.

Answer 90

huff coughing

Question 91

he most common and minimally invasive procedure performed in neonatal intensive care unit and the least traumatic way to draw blood samples for routine medical testing.

Answer 91

heel stick procedure

Question 92

tiny blood vesells which carry blood to the tissues and connect arteries and veins

Answer 92

Capillaries

Question 93

This is the stage when babies are normally able to place their toes in their mouth.

Answer 93

4-7 months

Question 94

_ months, babies are pulling themselves up, standing, and preparing to walk or walking; so heel sticks are not recommended at this developmental stage because the heels are bearing weight to varying degrees.

Answer 94

8 to 12

Question 95

preferred puncture site for heel stick procedure

Answer 95

medial or lateral portions of the plantar surface

Question 96

incision length for premature babies with weight up to 1 kg (2 lbs.)

Answer 96

0.65 mm x 1.4 mm

Question 97

incision length for newborns with low-birth-weight between 1-2.5 kg (3-6 lbs.)

Answer 97

0.65 mm x 1.75 mm

Question 98

incision length for newborns from 3-6 months with birth weight between 2.5 kg (6- 20 lbs.)

Answer 98

1 mm x 2.5 mm

Question 99

The _ or indirect hyperbilirubinemia is the most commonly seen in newborns.

Answer 99

unconjugated form

Question 100

direct bilirubin, water soluble

Answer 100

conjugated bilirubin

Question 101

indirect bilirubin, lipid soluble

Answer 101

unconjugated bilirubin

Question 102

the result of the baby not receiving enough milk to lower their bilirubin levels

Answer 102

breastfeeding jaundice

Question 103

KERNICTERUS usually occurs if the bilirubin levels are _/dl or higher in term infants

Answer 103

25mg

Question 104

Light promotes bilirubin excretion by photoisometrization, which alters the structure of bilirubin to a soluble form (_) for easier excretion.

Answer 104

lumirubin

Question 105

T OR F Oily lubricants or lotions are used on the skin while the infant is under phototherapy.

Answer 105

false

Question 106

is an unusual neonatal dyschromia that occurs during phototherapy in some neonates with elevated serum levels of conjugated bilirubin.

Answer 106

bronze baby syndrome