Pt boards Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
which is the only heat modality okay to use for an acute injury?
A
PULSED ultrasound
2
Q
What is considered Acute injury
A
up to 72 hours
3
Q
when is an injury considered subacute
A
when swelling is limited but debris and discoloration prevents healing
What is considered an chronic injury
4
Q
What are contraindications to ALL modalities
A
- Hemorrhage
- Infection
- Malignancy (except TENS)
HIM
5
Q
what is the only modality that can be used with a malignancy
A
TENS
6
Q
what are some contraindications to ALL heating modalities
A
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Encapsulated swelling
- Active TB
- Decrease thermal sensations
- Edema
- Abdomen or low back during pregnancy
- Acute conditions
7
Q
what are some contraindications to ALL electrical
A
- Brain
- Eyes
- Heart
- Carotid Sinuses
- Pacemaker
- Anestheis (expect High Voltage)
- Pregnancy - low back ( except TENS
- Open wounds
pretty much anything that has a synapse or a rhythm
8
Q
What is the gold standard treatment for acute conditions
A
PRICES protect Rest Ice Compression Elevate Support
9
Q
When treating a muscle issue, what type of frequency modality would one use?
A
High (heating) Heat = muscle
10
Q
when treating deep tissue which frequency modality would one use
A
Medium
Medium is used for Depth
11
Q
which frequency is used for muscle contraction type of therapy
A
Low frequency = contraction
12
Q
which modality is used for cellular healing
A
Ultra low
13
Q
how many hertz is used for ultra low frequency
A
<1
14
Q
how many hertz are used for Low Frequency
A
1-150
15
Q
how many hertz are used for medium frequency
A
1,000-10,000
16
Q
how many hertz are used for high frequency
A
1 Million
17
Q
Which modalities are used for superficial heat
A
infrared
Ultra violet
18
Q
which modalities are used for Deep heat
A
Diathermy
Ultrasound
19
Q
what type of current is AC
A
Biphasic
20
Q
what typeof current is DC
A
Monophonic
21
Q
which types are AC current
A
Sine
Faraday
Inferential
22
Q
which types are DC current
A
Galvanic
High Volt
23
Q
Which pulsatile wave forms is symmetrical and is known to be the best contractor
A
SINE
24
Q
which Palasatile wave forms is considered to be asymmetrical
A
Faraday
25
Which Pulsatile wave forms is a combination of two sine waves
inferential
26
which pulsatile wave forms is a make and break pattern
Galvanic
27
which Pulsatile wave form is a twin pulsed peak pattern
High Volt
28
In regards to electrical current modalities, the higher the frequency , the ____ penetration
deeper
29
in regards to electrical current modalities, medium frequency leads to ________
decreased skin impedance
30
in regards to ultrasound , the _____ the frequency , the ____ the penetration
lower
deeper
( opposite from electrical therapy)
31
to isolate a muscle ____ pad is needed
only 1
32
when a muscle is weak ____ pads are need
2 pads on either side of muscle belly
33
what is the pad rule
1 Ma per square inch of pad size ( 3 square inch pad= 9mA)
34
what are the 3 different types of treatment procedures with pads
1. Monopolar
2. Bipolar
3. Quadripolar
35
with monopolar, there is a ___ pad that is large and ___ pad that is mall
Dispersal
| Active
36
Bipolar treatment pads are used for ___ muscle groups and are ___ size
small
| equal
37
______ treatment pads are crisscross pattern and are used for Russian Stim or interferential
Quadripolar
38
when using the monopolar pads and if the patient feels a tingling sensation on the dispersal pad ... what do you think the problem is ?
either the dispersal pad is too small or the active pad sites are too large
39
when using electrical stem for the muscles what is duty cycle and why is it important
its the ratio between the amount of stimulation and rest period .... depending on what you are trying to treat, the duty cycle will change
40
when using Electrical muscle stimulation ... what type of pattern is used when pain is the factor?
Continuous pattern is used for pain
41
when a muscle is weak due to injury or post surgery, what type of muscle stimulation pattern would you use and what would the duty cycle be
- use a surge pattern
| - duty cycle 1:3 ( need more rest for a weaker muscle)
42
when a muscle is in spasm like torticollis , what type of electrical muscle stimulation pattern would you use and what would the duty cycle be?
- Pulsed/tetanizing pattern
| - 1:1 duty cycle ( the goal is to fatigue the muscle to get the spasm to relax)
43
In regards to electrical stimulation therapy, is mA is increase (amps) _____ would increase
muscle contraction
44
what do you have to consider and be careful when using electrical stimulation
- don't burn the patient
| amps= burns people
45
Name the 4 type of electrical studies
1. Strength duration curve
2. Reaction of degeneration
3. EMG
4. NCV
46
out of the 4 type of electrical studies what are 2 that you may use in practice?
```
EMG= used to test muscle
NCV= used to test the nerves
```
47
Name this law
| energy of modality has to be absorbed by the body to stimulate physiological response
Arndt- Shcultz Principle
48
Name this law
| inverse relationship between penetration and absorption of energy (ultrasound)
Law of Grothus- Draper
49
In regards to icing an injured area, why is so important not leave in on greater than 20 minutes
This leads into a pumping rx (AKA Hunting-Lewis reaction) .... this will cause the body to vasodilate and to vasoconstrict
50
what does the acronym CBAN stand for when icing
```
cold
burn
ache
numb
this relates to the stages of icing... first 5 min is cold then next 5 is burn ... then another 5 is ache and the last 5 is numb
```
51
True or false
convection is the transfer of heat through a substance often heating up a solid ..modalities include : Hydrocollater, paraffin bath, ice and infrared
FALSE
| this is called conduction
52
_______ is the transmission of heat and liquids by circulation of heat particles
Convection
53
what are some modalities used with convection
hot or cold baths, infrared
54
Transmission of heat without intervening medium getting warm is know as ______
Radiation
55
what are some radiation modalities
LAMPS: UV, Infrared, Medium wave Diathermy
56
_____ of electrical energy into heat or mechanical energy
Conversion
57
what is the only modality that uses conversion
Ultrasound
58
True or False
| the ideal temperature for using heat baths such as hot tubs is from 105-115
FALSE
will burn the patient
ideal temp is from 96-104
59
Cold therapy will increase of decrease the viscosity of connective tissue
increase
60
ice therapy will increase or decrease metabolism
decrease
61
True or false
| ice therapy will decrease a muscle spasm such as torticollis
false
heat will have that affect
ice will decrease trigger points
62
what are some results with infrared therapy
```
vasodilation
perspire
decreased BP
increased blood and lymph flow
decreased spasm
phagocytosis
Erythema - redness / mottled skin
```
63
what could be a bad result from infrared therapy
Erythema Ab igne - mottled skin in area habitually exposed or one prolonged exposure
64
what are the indications for infrared therapy
- Musculoskeletal - any type of it is
Catarrhal - bronchitis, sinusitis, laryngitis
Infectious- furnace, burns , ulcers
other- folliculitis, conjunctivitis, neuritis , Bell's Palsy , Ranaud's
65
what are some contraindications to infrared therapy
```
to heat:
pregnancy
diabetes mellitus
thermal sensitivity
active TB
encapsulated swelling
over metal
fair skin
contacts
fever
recent scar
skin rash
```
66
what is the difference between short wave and long wave infrared therapy
short wave= lamps
| long wave= baths or hyrocollator heat pads
67
what are some indications for a hydrocollator
tension headaches
prior to adjustments
- fibromyalgia
spasm
68
what are some contraindications to a hydrocollator
```
acute conditions
recent scars
fair skin
myofascial syndrome
trigger points
decrease circulation
```
69
What is the time limit for a Sitz bath
2- 10 minutes
70
what are some indications for a Sitz bath
```
hemorrhoids
cystitis
dysmenorrhea
coccydynia
prostatitis
post - pardum distress
constipation
urinary retention
sciatica
```
71
what are some contraindications for a Sitz bath
infertility on the balls
72
```
what type of infrared therapy would be ideal for someone who had the following conditions ;
chronic arthritis
amputee
strains
increase ROM
dystonia
open wounds
```
Dry whirlpool aka fluidotherapy
73
what is the paraffin: mineral oil ratio for paraffin bath
7:1
74
Paraffin uses ______
conduction
75
Cold laser therapy AKAs
low laser
| soft laser
76
When using cold laser the patient and the doctor have to consider what safety precautions
- both need to wear glasses to cover eyes
77
what is cold laser therapy's actions
photo modulation and intracellular stimulation of mitochondrial activity
78
what are the results from cold laser therapy
photostimulation = wound healing
| photo inhibition = pain management
79
what are some indications with cold laser therapy
```
- open lesions
decubitus ulcers
lacerations
burns
acute and chronic pain
bursitis
tendinitis
decrease ROM
Tic Douloureux
fibromyalgia
trigger points
```
80
what are some contraindications for cold laser therapy
```
tattoos
open growth plates
over the eyes
pregnant uterus
photosensitivity
medications
epilepsy
thick eschar
testicles
regions over infections, dry skin , malignancy , pace maker and thyroid
```
81
what is the usual wave length of cold laser therapy
630-1200mm
82
how long do you use cold laser for on a patient
3-5 minutes or until benefit is reached
83
cold laser -______
neon helium gases
84
photophoresis is what
chemical driven by the light into treatment area
85
is you hold the laser too long on an area , what are some irreversible affects that can happen
protein coagulation
| thermolysis and evaporation
86
what is the actions for ultraviolet therapy
thermal and photochemical (radiant)
87
what are the results from ultraviolet therapy
- vasodilation
- bactericidal
- photo taxia
- Erythema
- increase vit D
- improves skin and muscle tone, elasticity , secretory functions
- stimulates metabolism
- increases reticulocytes
-
88
what some indications to use ultraviolet therapy
Skin Conditions- fungal, herpes zoster, dermatological conditions, burns, psoriasis, carbuncles wounds, decubitus ulcers
Bone Conditions- Rickets, osteomalacia
89
What are some contraindications with Ultraviolet
```
HIM
- Hemorrhage
- Vascular changes
- tetracycline
- supportive lesions
SLE
```
90
what is usual dose for Ultraviolet therapy
- MED ( minimal erythemal dose)
91
what is the max timing for ultraviolet therapy
3 minutes at 18 inches
92
what are the 3 types of UV devices
1. Hot Quartz
2. Cold Quartz (Orficial)
3. Wood's Lamp
93
_______ lamp is used to diagnose fungal infections
Wood's
94
what is the action for Diathermy therapy
thermal
95
what are the results from Diathermy therapy
Increases- temp, pulse, respiration, BMR, lymph flow, elimination, nutrition, vasodilation, glandular secretions, endocrine changes
Decreases- blood pressure, nerve pain, muscle cramps, muscle spasms
96
Diathermy units must be _____ feet from any other electrical modality
8-10
97
Diathermy treatments on individuals must be ___ feet from hearing aids, fridge work
4
98
Short wave Diathermy is a local heater
| True or False
False
| its a general heater
99
Micro wave Diathermy is a ___ heater
local
100
Short wave Diathermy will go through ___ first
fat
Microwave goes through muscle first
101
what are the indications for diathermy
- deep muscle
- thoracic cavity
- bronchitis
- joints
- PID
- prostatitis
- Sinitus
- algia neuritis
amneorhhea
- Otitis media
102
what is the difference between pulsed and continuous diathermy
pulse is used when message is desired without heat
103
what are some bad effects if the ultrasound is used for too long
- cavitation
- sharing
- depth
104
1 mHz of ultrasound =
more depth and less heat
105
3mHz of ultrasound =
Less depth and more heat
106
Which Electrical muscle stimulation is low frequency and used for muscle contraction
- EMS
- High Volt
- Low Volt
- Sine
- Faradic
- Interferential
- TENS
107
What is the frequency for Cellular healing
Ultra low
108
Which modality is used for Cellular healing
MENS
109
What are some low volt modalities
galvanic
Direct current
iontophoresis
110
What is the action for low volt modalities
Electrochemical and Electrokinetic
111
What are the results from low volt therapy
depends not the polarity use :
for more acute stuff= Positive pole since it acts like ice
For more chronic= Negative Pole since it acts like Heat
112
Positive pole Low volt therapy results in what:
- vasoconstrict
- produces acid reaction on the skin
- Rpels alkaline
- Attracts oxygen
- Repels hydrogen
- Causes ischmeia
- Hardens tissue
- Pain relief
- Astringent
113
Negative Pole Low Volt results in what:
- Vasodilates
- Produces alkaline reaction in skin
- Repels acid
- Repels oxygen
- Attracts oxygen
- Hyperemia
- Softens tissue
- Relieves chronic pain
- increases digestion
114
Wave form for Low Volt therapy
- Direct current
115
Indications for low volt therapy
any "it is, disease or injuries
| also can be electrodiagnostic
116
what are the contraindications for low volt therapy
- sensory impairment
- recent scar tissue
- open wound
- Pregnancy
- pacemaker
117
Where are the pads place for Low Volt therapy
DIRECTLY ON THE SKIN
118
what is the intensity for Low volt therapy when used for more electrochemical (sensory issues)
- 5-100 mA
119
what is the intensity for Low Volt therapy when used for more Electrokinetic ( motor issues)
-0-5 mA
120
the frequency for Low volt therapy is low which means _____
minimal (whimsy contractions)
121
with low Volt therapy , ____% solution mixture is used
2%
122
with High Volt therapy what type of wave form is used
Direct current and Twin peak pulsed
